Name: spinal cord structure and dermatomes
Uploaded: 2025-10-23T11:49:14.000Z
Duration: 1 min 54 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.25

The Spinal Cord

- [Narratore] Il midollo spinale

è un cilindro spesso di tessuti nervosi

che comprende parte del
sistema nervoso centrale.

Comunica le informazioni
sensoriali degli afferenti

dalla zona periferica del cervello

e le informazioni motorie degli efferenti

dal cervello alla zona periferica.

Osservandola in una sezione
trasversale, la materia grigia

all'interno del midollo spinale

ha una forma a farfalla.

Il corno ventrale della materia
grigia contiene i neuroni

del movimento. È circondato
da materia bianca con gruppi

di assoni dai tratti sia
ascendenti che discendenti.

Al centro si trova il canale centrale,

il quale contiene il
fluido cerebrospinale,

che rinvigorisce i tessuti nervosi.

Il midollo stesso è
circondata da membrane,

le meningi spinali, che
includono la dura madre.

Connessa al ceppo cerebrale,

il midollo spinale passa
attraverso il forame magno

e la serie di ossa che
compongono la colonna vertebrale,

finché non termina al
livello lombare di L1 e L2

e forma un lungo fascio di nervi

chiamato cauda equina.

Quest'ultima è suddivisa
in livelli o regioni,

determinati dalla
posizione delle vertebre,

con nervi spinali appaiati.

Per esempio la colonna
cervicale, regione da C2 a C7,

corrisponde ai nervi
che passano lungo collo,

spalle, braccia e mani.

All'interno di ogni vertebra,
le coppie di nodi escono

dalla vertebra stessa
in due rami separati.

La radice nervosa
ventrale ha come obiettivo

i muscoli che controllano i movimenti,

mentre la radice nervosa
dorsale innerva la pelle

per trasmettere le sensazioni.

Ogni area della pelle innervata
da uno specifico nervo

spinale è detta dermatomo.
I dermatomi sono mappati.

Queste mappe sono progettate
per aiutare gli specialisti

a identificare la causa
di particolari condizioni

di dolore o disagio della pelle.

Hochman, Shawn. "Midollo spinale". Current Biology 17, n. 22 (20 novembre 2007): R950–55. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.014" target="__blank">Sorgente</a>]

Ahuja, Christopher S., Satoshi Nori, Lindsay Tetreault, Jefferson Wilson, Brian Kwon, James Harrop, David Choi e Michael G. Fehlings. "Lesione traumatica del midollo spinale: riparazione e rigenerazione". Neurochirurgia 80, n. 3S (1 marzo 2017): S9–22. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyw080" target="__blank">Sorgente</a>]

il midollo spinale

Il midollo spinale è il principale tratto nervoso del corpo del sistema nervoso centrale, comunicando informazioni sensoriali afferenti dalla periferia al cervello e informazioni motorie efferenti dal cervello al corpo. Il midollo spinale umano si estende dal foro alla base del cranio, o foramen magnum, al livello della prima o della seconda vertebra lombare.

<h4>Vista trasversale</h4>

Il midollo spinale è cilindrico e contiene sia la materia bianca che quella grigia. Al centro è il canale centrale, che è il residuo del lume del tubo neurale primitivo e fa parte del sistema interno delle cavità fluide cerebrospinali. Nella sezione trasversale, la materia grigia che circonda il canale centrale appare a forma di farfalla.

Le ali della farfalla sono divise in corna dorsali e ventrali. Il corno dorsale contiene nuclei sensoriali che trasmettono informazioni sensoriali, e il corno ventrale contiene neuroni motori che danno origine agli assoni che innervano il muscolo scheletrico.

La materia bianca circonda la materia grigia e contiene un gran numero di fibre mielinate (o mielinizzate/mieliniche). La materia bianca è disposta in fasci longitudinali chiamati colonne dorsali, laterali e ventrali. Tre membrane circondano il midollo spinale: la pia aderisce strettamente alla superficie del midollo spinale, seguita dall'aracnoide, e la dura madre, laguaina più dura.

<h4>Organizzazione</h4>

Il midollo spinale è diviso in quattro regioni diverse ed è organizzato per segmentazione. Ci sono 31 paia di nervi che escono dal cordone: otto cervicali, 12 toracici, cinque lombari, cinque sacrali e un coccigeo.

<h4>Dermatomi</h4>

Ogni segmento del midollo spinale innerva una regione diversa del corpo ed è rappresentato sulla pelle come un dermatoma. Un dermatoma è un'area della pelle fornita da un nervo periferico originario di un singolo ganglio di radice dorsale. Clinicamente, le mappe dei dermatomi sono utili per determinare il livello delle lesioni del midollo spinale e per localizzare le lesioni della radice nervosa periferica. Tuttavia, si deve tener conto del fatto che vi è una notevole variazione e sovrapposizione di dermatomi di segmenti spinali adiacenti. Anche se ci sono 31 coppie di nervi spinali, ci sono solo 30 dermatomi, come C1 generalmente non ha radice spinale, e quindi, il primo dermatoma corrisponde a C2.

Il midollo spinale

Il midollo spinale è il principale tratto nervoso del sistema nervoso centrale del corpo, che comunica informazioni sensoriali afferenti dalla periferia al ...

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

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spinal cord structure and dermatomes

The spinal cord is the main nerve pathway of the central nervous system. It carries sensory signals from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. It begins at the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull, and extends to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.

In cross-section, the spinal cord is cylindrical and contains both gray matter and white matter. The central canal lies in the middle and is a remnant of the lumen of the primitive neural tube. It is part of the internal system of cerebrospinal fluid cavities. The gray matter around it has a butterfly shape. Its dorsal horns contain sensory nuclei that relay sensory input, and its ventral horns contain motor neurons that send axons to skeletal muscle.

White matter surrounds the gray matter and contains many myelinated fibers. It is organized into longitudinal bundles called the dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns. Three membranes protect the spinal cord. The pia mater lies directly on its surface, the arachnoid lies outside the pia, and the dura mater forms the tough outer sheath.

The spinal cord is divided into four regions and is organized in segments. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: eight cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral, and one coccygeal. Each segment connects to a specific part of the body.

These body maps are called dermatomes. A dermatome is an area of skin supplied by a peripheral nerve from a single dorsal root ganglion. Dermatome maps help locate spinal cord lesions and peripheral nerve root lesions. The pattern is not exact, because adjacent dermatomes can overlap and vary. Although there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, there are only 30 dermatomes, since C1 usually has no spinal root and the first dermatome is C2.

Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes

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Explore spinal cord structure, gray and white matter, spinal nerve regions, and dermatomes with a clear high school biology focus.

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Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes

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