Name: circulatory pathways of the heart and blood
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:33.000Z
Duration: 2 min 3 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

The human circulatory system, a complex network of cylindrical vessels and a central pump, transports nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body via three divisions. Coronary, providing blood to the heart. Pulmonary, including the heart and lungs. And Systemic, to the rest of the body.

When blood leaves the veins of the systemic circuit, it enters the right atrium, an upper chamber of the heart, and then the right ventricle, a lower chamber.

From here, blood travels a short distance into the pulmonary circuit through the pulmonary artery to the lungs where it is oxygenated, and then transported back by the pulmonary vein to the opposite side of the heart, the left atrium. It then flows into the left ventricle, which due to a thicker wall can pump blood much farther through the major artery, the aorta, to the entire body.

The aorta branches off, first to the coronary arteries providing the coronary circuit with blood. And then into other smaller arteries that bring the blood to the systemic circuit. The carotid arteries to the brain. The brachial arteries to the arms. The thoracic arteries to the trunk and gut. And the iliac arteries to the legs.

These arteries divide into eve

anatomy of the circulatory system

The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart itself, which acts as a central pump. The systemic circuit supplies blood to the whole body, the coronary circuit supplies blood to the heart, and the pulmonary circuit supplies blood flow between the heart and lungs.

Blood travels from the right atrium to the right ventricle of the heart through the tricuspid valve, then from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary valve. Pulmonary veins then carry the blood to the left atrium of the heart, from which it is carried to the left ventricle through the mitral valve. Finally, the left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta (the largest artery in the body) through the aortic valve.

Arteries, which carry blood away from the heart, split and get progressively smaller, becoming arterioles and eventually a series of capillaries, the sites of gas exchange. Capillaries converge to become larger venules, and eventually merge into veins, which bring blood back to the heart.

<h4>Double Circulation and the Pulmonary Circuit</h4>

Humans have a double circulatory system, in which blood travels through the heart twice via the pulmonary and systemic circuits. First, the heart receives deoxygenated blood in its right side and then pumps it to the nearby pulmonary circuit, the capillaries that are involved in gas exchange. Here, oxygen enters the blood, while carbon dioxide leaves the blood.

The blood is then returned for its second trip through the heart. After passing through the left of side of the heart, blood is pumped out to the entire body through the systemic circuit, all the way to the toes, the fingers, the head, and everywhere in between. The strength required for this task makes the left side of the heart much thicker than the right side, giving the heart a lopsided, non-symmetrical appearance.

<h4>Coronary Circulation</h4>

The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood. So, how does the heart get oxygenated blood? There is a network of arteries and veins surrounding the heart tissue in a crown-like manner that are together known as the coronary circuit. These bring oxygenated blood to the heart and carry deoxygenated blood away.

<h4>Capillaries vs. Venules</h4>

The walls of the blood vessels reflect their function. Capillary walls are very thin to facilitate gas exchange, whereas arteries and veins are thicker and more complex. Arteries are the thickest blood vessels and are very strong, with two additional layers of tissue (compared to capillaries) to accommodate the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart. Dilation and contraction of the muscle tissue of the arteries are regulated by hormones, directing blood to or from specific areas. Blood returns to the heart at a much lower pressure, so veins have walls that are much thinner than those of arteries.

The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Human Biology

Circulatory and Pulmonary Systems

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

circulatory pathways of the heart and blood

The human circulatory system moves blood through the heart, blood vessels, and the body. The heart works as a central pump. Blood vessels carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back again.

Humans have a double circulatory system. Blood travels through the heart twice as it moves through the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit. The pulmonary circuit sends blood between the heart and lungs. In the pulmonary capillaries, oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves it.

Blood enters the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve, and moves to the right ventricle. It then leaves through the pulmonary valve and enters the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary veins return blood to the left atrium. From there, blood passes through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, which pumps it into the aorta through the aortic valve.

The systemic circuit carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It reaches the toes, fingers, head, and the areas in between. The left side of the heart must work harder for this job, so it is much thicker than the right side. This gives the heart a lopsided, non-symmetrical shape.

The coronary circuit supplies the heart itself. A network of arteries and veins surrounds the heart tissue in a crown-like pattern. These vessels bring oxygenated blood to the heart and carry deoxygenated blood away.

Blood vessels also differ in structure. Capillary walls are very thin, which helps gas exchange. Arteries are the thickest blood vessels and have two extra tissue layers compared with capillaries. Their muscle tissue can dilate and contract under hormone control, which helps direct blood to or from specific areas. Veins carry blood back to the heart at much lower pressure, so their walls are much thinner than artery walls.

Circulatory Pathways of the Heart and Blood

circulatory-pathways-of-the-heart-and-blood

the respiratory system

Lungs, Airways, and Gas Exchange

The respiratory system moves air through the airways and into the lungs. Air enters through the nostrils and mouth, then passes the pharynx, or throat, and the larynx, or voice box. From there, it travels into the trachea, also called the windpipe. Inside the thoracic cavity, the trachea splits into two bronchi. These tubes carry air into the lungs. The bronchi divide into smaller bronchioles, which end in tiny air sacs called alveoli. Gas exchange happens in the alveoli. The respiratory...

breathing

How Air Moves In and Out of Lungs

Breathing depends on pressure changes in the chest, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. The diaphragm, which sits below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which are between the ribs, work together to change the size of the thoracic cavity. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs move upward and the rib cage expands. Both actions increase thoracic volume and give the lungs more room to expand. Each lung is surrounded by two...

lung capacity

Lung Volume and Capacity Measures

Lung volume and lung capacity describe how air moves through the lungs and how much air stays inside them. Lung volume measures the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung action, such as one breath. Lung capacity is a sum of two or more lung volume measures. There are four lung volumes. Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath. Inspiratory reserve volume is the extra air that can be inhaled after a regular breath in. Expiratory reserve...

gas exchange and transport

Alveoli and Capillaries in Gas Exchange

Gas exchange depends on the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood. During respiration, gases move along pressure gradients, which means they travel from higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure. In mammals, this exchange takes place in the alveoli of the lungs, where air and blood come very close together. When the lungs expand, pressure inside the lungs drops below atmospheric pressure. That drop draws oxygen-rich air into the lungs. The air in the...

The human circulatory system moves blood through the heart, blood vessels, and the body. The heart works as a central pump. Blood vessels carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back again. Humans have a double circulatory system. Blood travels through the heart twice as it moves through the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit. The pulmonary circuit sends blood between the heart and lungs. In the pulmonary capillaries, oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves it. <br...

anatomy of the heart

Heart Chambers, Valves, and Blood Flow

The human heart has three tissue layers and is surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines it. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. A pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, which is the middle layer. The innermost layer is the endocardium. The heart also has four chambers: the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. These chambers contain two...

the cardiac cycle

How the Heart’s Beat Is Controlled

The heart’s beat is controlled by a repeating electrical pattern called the cardiac cycle. It combines contraction, or systole, with relaxation, or diastole. This rhythm keeps blood moving through the heart in a steady sequence. The cycle begins when electrical signals leave the sinoatrial, or SA, node in the wall of the right atrium. The signal spreads to the atrioventricular, or AV, node between the right atrium and right ventricle. This causes both atria to contract at the same time. When...

blood flow

Blood Flow Through Vessels

Blood flow moves from the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. As the vessels get smaller, the speed of blood flow decreases. When blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases again. This change in speed is linked to total cross-sectional area, which is the combined area of all the vessels in a group. Blood does not move from one vessel into just one smaller vessel. It spreads into...

key terms and concepts

Explore how blood moves through the pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circuits, and how valves, capillaries, arteries, and veins support circulation.

Circulatory Pathways of the Heart and Blood | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

myJoVE Corporation

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10647.jpg

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
ExpandIn this experiment you will prepare different types of cells from a plant and animal, onion and human ...

What are Cells?

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term &#34;cell&#34; based on the ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

The Central Dogma

The DNA Helix

Nucleic Acids

DNA as a Genetic Template

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the ...

Chromosome Structure

Base-pairing and DNA Repair

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

Protein Families

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Conservation of Protein Domains

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Globular and Fibrous Proteins

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes ...

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Protein Complex Assembly

Protein and Protein Structures

Conjugated Proteins

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Amyloid Fibrils

What are Proteins?

Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins and polypeptides are interchangeably used to refer to long chains of amino ...

Ligand Binding Sites

Protein Organization

Proteins are polymers of amino acid residues. They are versatile and responsible for different cellular functions, including DNA replication, molecular ...

Protein-Protein Interfaces

Protein Folding

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to ...

Conserved Binding Sites

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes are proteins made of amino acids. The functional group of each constituent amino acid catalyzes a wide variety of chemical reactions via ionic ...

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

GTPases and their Regulation

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

protein-complexes-with-interchangeable-parts

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Mechanical Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Protein Networks

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

HS-LS1-1

Levels of Organization

Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth&#x27;s biosphere. ...

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into ...

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

It is convenient to consider the body&#39;s structures in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity: subatomic particles, ...

Overview of Human Digestion

The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. ...

Anatomy of the Intestines

Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, ...

Accessory Organs

Accessory organs are those that participate in the digestion of food but do not come into direct contact with it like the mouth, stomach, or intestine do. ...

Lipid Digestion

Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific ...

Protein Digestion

Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where the highly acidic environment can easily disrupt protein structure by exposing the peptide bonds of ...

Carbohydrate Digestion

Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism break down simple and complex carbohydrates from food into saccharides (i.e., sugars) for the body to use as energy. ...

Overview of the Nervous System

Overview

The nervous system is the collection of specialized cells responsible for maintaining an organism&#x2019;s internal environment and coordinating ...

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. This parasympathetic system is responsible ...

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The sympathetic nervous system&#x2014;one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system&#x2014;is activated in times of stress. It ...

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from ...

What is a Sensory System?

Sensory systems detect stimuli&mdash;such as light and sound waves&mdash;and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous ...

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ...

What is the Skeletal System?

Overview

The adult human skeleton comprises 206 bones that are connected through cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. The skeleton provides a rigid ...

an-introduction-to-the-zebrafish-danio-rerio

An Introduction to the Zebrafish: Danio rerio

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are small freshwater fish that are used as model organisms for biomedical research. The many strengths of these fish include their ...

Physiology of the Circulatory System

Homeostasis
Conditions in the external environment of an organism can change rapidly and drastically. To survive, organisms must maintain a fairly ...

Measuring Blood Pressure
ExpandTo prepare for the blood pressure exercise, simply place the appropriate number of alcohol swabs, sphygmomanometers, and ...

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The ...

Measuring Circulatory System Function in Humans
ExpandBefore starting the experiment go to the front of the room and collect an alcohol swab, a ...

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The ...

What Are Osmoregulation and Excretion?

Organisms must keep bodily fluids at a constant temperature and pH while maintaining specific solute concentrations in order to support life functions. ...

Blood Withdrawal I

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
Blood collection is a common requirement for ...

Kidney Structure

The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water ...

Blood Withdrawal II

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
The collection of blood from mice and rats for ...

What is the Immune System?

Overview

The immune system comprises diverse biological structures and processes that protect the body from disease. These processes can be classified ...

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain ...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of ...

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of ...

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two ...

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, ...

Negative and Positive Feedback

Homeostatic Imbalance

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body, which is crucial for the proper functioning of cells, tissues, organs, ...

pH Homeostasis

Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because ...

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis (&#34;steady state&#34;). Examples ...

Cell Signaling Feedback Loops

Positive and negative feedback loops are crucial for regulating biological signaling systems. These feedback loops are processes that connect output ...

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

Hormone secretion is regulated by different types of signals, including neural, humoral, and hormonal stimuli.
Neural stimuli are triggered by the ...

Autoregulation of Blood Flow

Autoregulation is the ability of tissues to maintain blood flow based on their metabolic requirements. It ensures optimal blood flow to support both ...

Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure

The nervous system regulates blood pressure through baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes.
Baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch respond ...

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

HS-LS1-3

Circulatory Pathways of the Heart and Blood

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards