Name: in-group bias and scapegoating
Uploaded: 2020-02-12T11:07:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.O

In- and Out-Groups

In un contesto sociale, le persone spesso si raggruppano in gruppi, sia che si tratti di una categoria come il genere o di un interesse speciale.

Tale categorizzazione può indurre favoritismi e connessioni emotive verso gli altri membri, separando il mondo sociale in "noi" contro "loro", cioè creando un in-group, l'unità particolare a cui gli individui si identificano come appartenenti, rispetto a un out-group, l'insieme di persone che sono viste come fondamentalmente diverse.

In questo caso, tutti sono armati di fonti autorevoli di identità e autostima all'interno del proprio gruppo, e i forti legami possono creare pregiudizi all'interno del gruppo, preferenze per il gruppo connesso rispetto ad altri gruppi.

Poiché gli individui mantengono una visione positiva di sé, possono verificarsi pregiudizi e discriminazioni per proteggere coloro che fanno parte del gruppo specifico.

Di conseguenza, l'in-group può quindi incolpare l'out-group per le disgrazie che percepisce. Questo concetto è chiamato capro espiatorio, l'atto di accusare un gruppo esterno quando il gruppo interno sperimenta un fastidio o una presunta minaccia nel raggiungere un risultato.

La buona notizia è che l'instabilità sociale può essere riconciliata tra i gruppi. Ad esempio, attraverso una comunicazione deliberata, l'in-group potrebbe riconoscere ed entrare in empatia con le esperienze dell'out-group per stimolare un cambiamento positivo.

in- and out-groups

People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel &amp; Turner, 1979) and serve as&nbsp;our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.

A group that we don&rsquo;t belong to, an out-group, is a group that we view as fundamentally different from us. For example, if you are female, your gender in-group includes all females, and your gender out-group includes all males. People often view gender groups as being fundamentally different from each other in personality traits, characteristics, social roles, and interests.

Because we often feel a strong sense of belonging and emotional connection to our in-groups, we develop in-group bias: a preference for our own group over other groups. This in-group bias can result in prejudice and discrimination because the out-group is perceived as different and is less preferred than our in-group. One function of prejudice is to help us feel good about ourselves and maintain a positive self-concept. This need to feel good about ourselves extends to our in-groups: We want to feel good and protect our in-groups. We seek to resolve threats individually and at the in-group level. This often happens by blaming an out-group for the problem. Scapegoating is the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal (Allport, 1954).

Despite the group dynamics that seem only to push groups toward conflict, there are forces that promote reconciliation between groups: the expression of empathy, of acknowledgment of past suffering on both sides, and the halt of destructive behaviors.

The Cats and Rabbits in This Video

The cats and rabbits were used as a metaphor here, representing the in- and out-groups of your choice. For instance, if you&#39;re a sports fan, maybe you can think of your team versus an opposing team.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

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This text is adapted from <a href="https://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@10.24:nhpI4cUs@13/12-5-Prejudice-and-Discrimination" target="_blank">OpenStax, Psychology. OpenStax CNX.</a>

Tutte le persone appartengono a un genere, razza, età e gruppo economico sociale. Questi gruppi forniscono una potente fonte della nostra identità e autostima (Tajfel & ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Social Psychology

Psicologia sociale

Foundations of Social Psychology

Fondamenti di psicologia sociale

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Stereotipi, pregiudizio e discriminazione

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

in-group bias and scapegoating

In-group bias and scapegoating help explain how people react to groups they belong to and groups they see as different. An in-group is a group a person identifies with or feels part of. An out-group is a group a person does not belong to and sees as fundamentally different.

People often use group membership as part of their identity and self-esteem. Gender, race, age, and social economic group can all serve as in-groups. For example, if a person is female, females are the in-group and males are the out-group. People may see gender groups as different in personality traits, social roles, characteristics, and interests.

Because people feel a strong sense of belonging to their in-groups, they can develop in-group bias. This is a preference for their own group over other groups. In-group bias can lead to prejudice and discrimination because the out-group is seen as different and is less preferred.

Prejudice can also help people maintain a positive self-concept. That need to feel good about oneself can extend to the in-group as well. When people feel threatened, they may try to protect their group. One response is scapegoating, which means blaming an out-group when the in-group is frustrated or blocked from reaching a goal.

Not all group conflict stays the same. Some forces can support reconciliation between groups. These include empathy, recognition of past suffering on both sides, and stopping destructive behavior. In this video, cats and rabbits act as a metaphor for the in-groups and out-groups people choose, such as one sports team and an opposing team.

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating

In-group bias and scapegoating help explain how people react to groups they belong to and groups they see as different. An in-group is a group a person identifies with or feels part of. An out-group is a group a person does not belong to and sees as fundamentally different. People often use group membership as part of their identity and self-esteem. Gender, race, age, and social economic group can all serve as in-groups. For example, if a person is female, females are the in-group and males...

stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination

How Bias Shapes Social Group Behavior

Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination are ways bias can shape how people think and act toward social groups. Social groups help form identity, and people can belong to many groups at once, including gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, social class, religion, sexual orientation, and profession. Differences can be hard for some people to accept, but education, contact, and relationships with other cultural groups can reduce prejudice. Even imagining a positive interaction with someone from...

stereotype content model

Warmth and Competence in Stereotypes

The Stereotype Content Model explains how people judge social groups using two main ideas: warmth and competence. Warmth means a group’s perceived intent, or whether it seems likely to help or cause harm. Competence means the group’s ability to carry out that intent. Susan Fiske and colleagues first proposed this model, and it helps show why first impressions can shape behavior toward other people. The model places stereotypes into four main categories. A group can be low in warmth and low in...

robbers cave

Robbers Cave and Group Conflict

The Robbers Cave study shows how group conflict can grow when teams are forced to compete. In the 1950s, two boys’ groups at an Oklahoma summer camp, called the Rattlers and the Eagles, entered a week-long tournament. As the competition continued, their hostility grew into name-calling, fistfights, vandalism, and damage to property. The study also showed one way to reduce that tension. Researchers used superordinate goals, which are shared goals that groups can only reach by working together.

stereotype threat and self-fulfilling prophecies

stereotype-threat-and-self-fulfilling-prophecies

How Stereotypes Shape Behavior

Stereotypes can shape behavior through self-fulfilling prophecy and confirmation bias. A self-fulfilling prophecy happens when an expectation changes how someone acts, and that behavior helps make the expectation come true. When people hold stereotypes about others, they may treat them in ways that match those expectations. That treatment can then push the other person to act in the same way, which seems to confirm the stereotype. A classic study by Rosenthal and Jacobson in 1968 showed this...

key terms and concepts

Learn how in-groups, out-groups, in-group bias, prejudice, and scapegoating shape group conflict, identity, and reconciliation in social psychology.

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Social Psychology offers a comprehensive learning experience on the principles of social behavior through concise, animated video lessons. The series explores key topics such as self-concept, social cognition, group dynamics, stereotypes, and relationships. It provides a structured foundation for understanding human behavior in social situations. Students gain insights into how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts while examining the psychological processes that influence interactions and judgments. By integrating theory with real-world applications, these lessons offer a clear and engaging approach to mastering essential concepts in social psychology.

social psychology

JoVE Core Psicologia Sociale mostra in modo pratico i fondamenti della nostra concezione della società. Attraverso 66 lezioni audiovisive concise e di facile comprensione, spieghiamo i concetti chiave del campo. Inoltre, in altri 25 video della sezione "Scienziati in azione", dimostriamo esperimenti di ricerca classici e originali eseguiti in laboratorio.

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3.1.9-12.V

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating

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