Name: energy forms and conservation
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 4 min 10 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Physical Science

Energy

3.2.9-12.Q

What is Energy?

L'energia è definita come la capacità di compiere un lavoro. Il lavoro è definito come la distanza percorsa da un oggetto in risposta a una forza applicata. Per esempio, quando un libro viene sollevato da terra e messo su un tavolo, il lavoro viene svolto contro la forza di gravità.

L'energia è classificata in due tipi principali:potenziale e cinetica. L'energia potenziale è l'energia associata alla posizione, alla composizione o alla condizione di un oggetto. È anche nota come energia a riposo o energia immagazzinata.

Per esempio:il libro sollevato da terra e appoggiato sul tavolo possiede energia potenziale a causa dell'altezza a cui si trova. Questa energia potenziale rimane immagazzinata nel libro fintanto che viene mantenuto in quella posizione. Diverse forme di energia potenziale comprendono l'energia potenziale gravitazionale, l'energia potenziale elettrica, l'energia potenziale chimica, l'energia nucleare e l'energia elastica.

L'energia potenziale gravitazionale è la forma più apparente di energia potenziale, e dipende dalla posizione relativa dell'oggetto sotto l'influenza del campo gravitazionale. Per esempio, il libro appoggiato sopra il tavolo contiene energia potenziale gravitazionale immagazzinata. L'energia potenziale elettrica proviene dall'attrazione o repulsione di cariche elettriche, per esempio l'energia immagazzinata all'interno di un condensatore in un circuito elettrico è sotto forma di energia potenziale elettrica.

L'energia potenziale chimica è l'energia immagazzinata nelle molecole. Per esempio, il legno secco immagazzina energia potenziale chimica che viene rilasciata e convertita in altre forme di energia quando il legno brucia. L'energia nucleare proviene dal nucleo atomico.

e l'energia elastica è l'energia immagazzinata in un oggetto a causa della sua configurazione, come una fionda caricata. L'energia cinetica è quella associata al movimento di un oggetto. Per esempio, quando il libro cade dal tavolo, la sua energia potenziale viene convertita in energia cinetica per via del suo movimento.

L'energia cinetica stessa esiste anche in diverse forme, ossia energie meccaniche, elettriche, termiche e radianti. Mentre l'energia meccanica è dovuta al movimento meccanico di un oggetto, come un'auto in movimento, l'energia elettrica è costituita dal flusso di cariche elettriche, come vediamo nei fulmini. Quando l'energia cinetica è sotto forma di onde elettromagnetiche, come l'energia della luce solare, diventa energia radiante.

L'energia termica è l'energia cinetica associata al movimento di atomi e molecole in un oggetto. Quando gli atomi e le molecole all'interno di un oggetto si muovono o vibrano rapidamente e si scontrano più frequentemente tra di loro, la temperatura dell'oggetto aumenta. Il calore di una fiamma che brucia è un esempio di energia termica.

L'opposto accade quando le vibrazioni o i movimenti di questi atomi e molecole rallentano. L'oggetto viene definito freddo e ha una bassa energia termica, come l'acqua quando si congela. Tutte queste forme differenti facilitano il flusso di energia da un tipo all'altro, o da un oggetto all'altro, per portare a termine il lavoro.

La legge di conservazione dell'energia sancisce che l'energia non viene né creata né distrutta, ma si trasforma solo da un tipo all'altro. L'energia totale del sistema, quindi, rimane conservata. Durante il tiro con l'arco, per esempio, una freccia in un arco teso contiene energia potenziale elastica.

Quando l'arco viene rilasciato, questa energia potenziale viene convertita in energia cinetica della freccia e la freccia viene spinta a colpire il bersaglio. Anche in questo caso, l'energia totale rimane conservata.

cos'è l'energia?

L'universo è composto da materia in diverse forme e tutte queste contengono energia. Le diverse forme di energia sulla Terra provengono dal Sole, la fonte di energia per eccellenza. Le piante catturano l'energia luminosa del Sole e, attraverso il processo di fotosintesi, la convertono in energia chimica. Questa energia immagazzinata dalle piante può essere sfruttata in molti modi. Ad esempio, mangiare prodotti vegetali fornisce energia affinché il nostro corpo funzioni, e bruciare legno o carbone (piante fossilizzate) genera calore ed elettricità. Pertanto, poiché tutti i cambiamenti della materia implicano cambiamenti nell'energia, è fondamentale comprendere come essa fluisca da una forma all'altra.

L’energia è definita come la capacità di compiere un lavoro. Il lavoro viene compiuto quando una forza applicata a un oggetto fa sì che esso si muova contro una forza opposta. Ad esempio, il lavoro viene svolto quando un tavolo viene spinto attraverso una stanza contro la resistenza del pavimento.

L’energia può essere raggruppata in due tipi principali: energia potenziale ed energia cinetica. L'energia potenziale è l'energia associata alla posizione relativa, composizione o condizione di un oggetto. L'energia cinetica è l'energia associata al movimento dell'oggetto. Ad esempio, l'acqua trattenuta dietro una diga possiede energia potenziale grazie alla sua posizione sopra il suolo. Quando scorre verso il basso attraverso i generatori, guadagna energia cinetica, che può essere utilizzata per generare elettricità in una centrale idroelettrica.

Energia potenziale

L’energia potenziale è anche conosciuta come energia a riposo o energia immagazzinata. Tipi comuni di energia potenziale includono l'energia potenziale gravitazionale immagazzinata in una mela appesa a un albero, l'energia potenziale elettrica immagazzinata in un oggetto a causa dell'attrazione o repulsione delle cariche elettriche o l'energia potenziale chimica immagazzinata nei legami tra atomi e molecole . Inoltre, l'energia nucleare immagazzinata in un nucleo atomico e l'energia elastica immagazzinata in una molla allungata a causa della sua configurazione sono tipi di energia potenziale.

Di solito, oggetti o sistemi con un'energia potenziale elevata tendono ad essere meno stabili e quindi si muovono verso livelli energetici più bassi per raggiungere la stabilità. Ad esempio, l'elemento radioattivo Uranio-235 (U^235) ha un nucleo instabile. Per ottenere stabilità si divide in elementi più piccoli ma stabili e rilascia l'energia nucleare immagazzinata. Questa energia rilasciata può quindi essere utilizzata per generare elettricità nelle centrali nucleari.

Energia cinetica

La quantità di energia cinetica di un oggetto dipende dalla sua massa e dalla velocità. Consideriamo due palle di massa diversa che rotolano lungo un piano inclinato alla stessa velocità. La palla più pesante avrà più energia cinetica. Allo stesso modo, quando due palle della stessa massa rotolano lungo un piano inclinato a velocità diverse, la palla che si muove più velocemente ha più energia cinetica.

Esistono anche diverse forme di energia cinetica, tra cui l'energia meccanica, elettrica, radiante, sonora e termica. L'energia meccanica è associata al movimento di un oggetto. Più un oggetto si muove velocemente, maggiore è la sua energia meccanica. Ad esempio, un proiettile sparato da una pistola o l’acqua che scorre lungo una diga sono esempi di energia meccanica. L'energia elettrica viene attribuita al flusso di cariche elettriche, come osservato nel caso dei fulmini durante i temporali o nei circuiti e nei dispositivi elettrici di uso quotidiano. L’energia radiante è la forma di energia cinetica che viaggia come onde elettromagnetiche e può essere sperimentata sotto forma di luce e calore. La luce solare è un esempio di energia radiante.

L'energia termica è associata al movimento casuale di atomi e molecole. Quando gli atomi e le molecole di un oggetto si muovono o vibrano rapidamente, hanno un'energia cinetica media (KE) più elevata e l'oggetto viene definito "caldo". Quando gli atomi e le molecole si muovono lentamente, hanno un KE medio inferiore e l’oggetto viene designato come “freddo”. Pertanto, l'energia termica può essere osservata attraverso le variazioni di temperatura di un oggetto. Supponendo che non si verifichi alcuna reazione chimica o cambiamento di fase (come fusione o vaporizzazione), l'aumento della quantità di energia termica in un campione di materia farà aumentare la sua temperatura. Allo stesso modo, supponendo che non si verifichi alcuna reazione chimica o cambiamento di fase (come condensazione o congelamento), diminuendo la quantità di energia termica in un campione di materia si causerà una diminuzione della sua temperatura.

La legge di conservazione dell'energia

L'energia può essere convertita da una forma all'altra, ma l'energia totale presente prima di un cambiamento esiste sempre in qualche forma anche dopo un cambiamento. Questa osservazione è espressa come Legge di Conservazione dell’Energia. La Legge di Conservazione dell’Energia afferma che l’energia non si crea né si distrugge, anche se può cambiare forma. Pertanto, l’energia totale di un sistema rimane costante. Ad esempio, l’energia chimica (un tipo di energia potenziale) è immagazzinata nelle molecole che compongono la benzina. Quando la benzina viene bruciata all’interno dei cilindri del motore di un’auto, i prodotti gassosi in rapida espansione di questa reazione chimica generano fenomeni meccanici energetici (un tipo di energia cinetica) quando muovono i pistoni del cilindro.

Questo testo è adattato da <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/5-1-energy-basics">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 5.1: Energy Basics.</a>

Cos'è l'energia?

L'universo è composto da materia in diverse forme e tutte le forme di materia contengono energia.  Le diverse forme di energia sulla Terra hanno origine da ...

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Introduction: Matter and Measurement

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energy forms and conservation

Energy is a property of matter that appears in many forms. On Earth, most energy starts with the Sun. Plants capture light energy from the Sun and use photosynthesis to turn it into chemical energy. That stored energy can then move through living things and materials in several ways. People get energy from plant foods, and wood or coal, which come from fossilized plants, can be burned to produce heat and electricity.

Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Work happens when a force moves an object against a resisting force. Pushing a table across a room against the floor is one example. To understand changes in matter, it helps to track how energy changes from one form to another.

Energy is often grouped into two main types: potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy is stored energy linked to an object’s position, composition, or condition. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Water held behind a dam has potential energy because of its height. When it flows downward through generators, it gains kinetic energy and can help produce electricity in a hydroelectric power plant.

Potential energy is sometimes called energy at rest. It includes gravitational potential energy, such as an apple hanging from a tree, electrical potential energy from the attraction or repulsion of charges, and chemical potential energy stored in bonds between atoms and molecules. It also includes nuclear energy in an atomic nucleus and elastic energy in a stretched spring. In general, systems with high potential energy are less stable and tend to move toward lower energy states. Uranium-235 is one example. Its unstable nucleus splits into smaller, more stable elements and releases stored nuclear energy that can be used in nuclear power plants.

The amount of kinetic energy depends on mass and speed. If two balls move at the same speed, the heavier ball has more kinetic energy. If two balls have the same mass, the faster one has more kinetic energy. Kinetic energy includes mechanical, electrical, radiant, sound, and thermal energy. Mechanical energy is tied to motion, like a bullet fired from a gun or water moving down a dam. Electrical energy comes from the flow of electric charges, such as lightning or electricity in circuits. Radiant energy travels as electromagnetic waves and includes sunlight. Thermal energy comes from the random motion of atoms and molecules, so faster motion means higher average kinetic energy and a hotter object. Slower motion means lower average kinetic energy and a colder object. If no chemical reaction or phase change happens, adding thermal energy raises temperature, and removing it lowers temperature.

Energy can change form, but it is not created or destroyed. This is the Law of Conservation of Energy. The total energy in a system stays constant even when energy is converted from one form to another. Gasoline shows this change clearly. It stores chemical energy, which is a type of potential energy. When gasoline burns in a car engine, the reaction produces gases that move the pistons and create mechanical energy, which is a type of kinetic energy.

Energy Forms and Conservation

scientific laws and theories

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physical and chemical properties of matter

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Distinguishing Physical and Chemical Changes

Matter can be identified by its properties, which are the features that help us tell one substance from another. These properties fall into two main groups: physical properties and chemical properties. Understanding the difference helps explain how matter changes. A physical property is a feature of matter that is not linked to a change in chemical composition. Examples include density, color, hardness, melting point, boiling point, and electrical conductivity. Some physical properties can be...

what is energy?

Energy is a property of matter that appears in many forms. On Earth, most energy starts with the Sun. Plants capture light energy from the Sun and use photosynthesis to turn it into chemical energy. That stored energy can then move through living things and materials in several ways. People get energy from plant foods, and wood or coal, which come from fossilized plants, can be burned to produce heat and electricity. Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Work happens when a force moves...

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3.2.9-12.R

Life Science

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Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.F

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HS-PS3-3

HS-PS3-4

Life Sciences

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From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-7

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Study Of Matter

Classification of matter

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PHYS.PS3.2

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CHEM1.PS3.4

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CH.7

CH.7.a

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HS.E1U1.12

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9-12.PS.1.1

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C-PS3-4

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Types of Energy

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Conservation of Energy: Application

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Students who demonstrate understanding can create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known. Clarifying Statement: Emphasis is on explaining the meaning of mathematical expressions used in the model. Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to basic algebraic expressions or computations; to systems of two or three components; and to thermal energy. kinetic energy, and/or the energies in gravitational, magnetic, or electric fields.

3.2.9-12.O

Types of Potential Energy

Potential energy is also known as energy at rest or stored energy. Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy stored in ...

Types of Kinetic Energy

The amount of kinetic energy of an object depends on its mass and speed. Consider two balls of different masses rolling down an inclined plane at the same ...

Kinetic Energy - I

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Kinetic Energy - II

The kinetic energy of a particle is one-half of the product of the particle&#8217;s mass and the square of its speed. Note that just as Newton&#8217;s ...

Gravitational Potential Energy

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Elastic Potential Energy

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Problem Solving: Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

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Kinetic and Potential Energy of a Wave

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Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

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Students who demonstrate understanding can develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with the motions of particles (objects) and energy associated with the relative positions of particles (objects). Clarifying Statement: Examples of phenomena at the macroscopic scale could include the conversion of kinetic energy to thermal energy, the energy stored due to position of an object above the earth, and the energy stored between two electrically-charged plates. Examples of models could include diagrams, drawings, descriptions, and computer simulations. Assessment Boundry: N/A

3.2.9-12.P

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. &#xA0;The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions require sufficient energy to cause the matter to collide with enough precision and force that old chemical bonds can be broken and new ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can design, build and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy. Clarifying Statement: Emphasis is on both qualitative and quantitative evaluations of devices. Examples of devices could include Rube Goldberg devices, wind turbines, solar cells, solar ovens, and generators. Examples of constraints could include use of renewable energy forms and efficiency. Assessment Boundry: Assessment for quantitative evaluations is limited to total output for a given input. Assessment is limited to devices constructed with materials provided to students.

Students who demonstrate understanding can plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics). Clarifying Statement: Emphasis is on analyzing data from student investigations and using mathematical thinking to describe the energy changes both quantitatively and conceptually. Examples of investigations could include mixing liquids at different initial temperatures or adding objects at different temperatures to water. Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to investigations based on materials and tools provided to students.

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Force and Potential Energy in One Dimension

Force can be calculated from the expression for potential energy, which is a function of position. The component of a conservative force, in a particular ...

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Force and Potential Energy in Three Dimensions

Consider a particle moving under the action of a conservative force that has components along each coordinate axis. Each component of force is a function ...

Energy Diagrams - I

The dynamics of a mechanical system can be easily understood by interpreting a potential energy diagram. Since energy is a scalar quantity, the ...

Energy Diagrams - II

Energy diagrams are important to understand the dynamics of a system. The topology of an energy diagram helps illustrate the equilibrium points of the ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can develop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects and the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction. Clarifying Statement: Examples of models could include drawings, diagrams, and texts, such as drawings of what happens when two charges of opposite polarity are near each other. Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to systems containing two objects.

3.2.9-12.S

Energy Forms and Conservation

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