Name: coffee cup calorimeter heat changes
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:27.000Z
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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

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Chemistry

Energy

PS.Chm.7.2

Constant Pressure Calorimetry

Per una reazione chimica condotta a pressione costante, come la pressione atmosferica, il calore scambiato durante il processo viene misurato come la variazione del delta di entalpia H.La variazione di entalpia per la reazione si manifesta come una variazione di temperatura, che viene misurata utilizzando una tecnica chiamata calorimetria. Nella calorimetria, la reazione viene eseguita in un contenitore sigillato e calibrato chiamato calorimetro. Il calorimetro è ben isolato ed impedisce qualsiasi flusso di calore tra se stesso e l'ambiente circostante.

Pertanto, il calore scambiato tra i reagenti e i prodotti, che costituiscono il sistema, e il calorimetro, che è l'ambiente circostante, può essere calcolato con precisione monitorando le successive variazioni di temperatura nel calorimetro. Se la reazione è esotermica, il calore fluisce dal sistema all'ambiente circostante e la temperatura aumenta. Al contrario, se la reazione è endotermica, il calore fluisce dall'ambiente circostante nel sistema, facendo abbassare la temperatura del calorimetro.

Un semplice calorimetro a tazza da caffè misura la variazione di entalpia di una reazione che si verifica in una soluzione, in condizioni di pressione costante. Il calorimetro è costituito da due tazze di caffè in polistirolo incastrate insieme e dotate di un termometro e di un agitatore. Il calorimetro è chiuso con un coperchio di sughero non a prova d'aria per mantenere le condizioni di pressione costante aperta all'atmosfera.

Supponiamo che 50, 0 millilitri ciascuno di acido cloridrico acquoso 1, 0 molare e idrossido di potassio acquoso 1, 0 molare, reagiscano all'interno del calorimetro, per aumentare la temperatura della soluzione di 6, 9 gradi Celsius. Il calore assorbito dalla soluzione, soluzione q, è uguale al suo calore specifico, C s, 4, 18 joule per grammo grado celsius, uguale a quello dell'acqua, moltiplicato per la sua massa totale, m-100, 0 grammi, e la variazione di temperatura. Il calore della soluzione è 2, 9 volte dieci alla potenza di 3 joule, o 2, 9 kilojoule.

Il calore della reazione, reazione q, ha lo stesso valore ma con segno opposto. Poiché la pressione è costante, la variazione di entalpia è uguale al calore della reazione. Per trovare la variazione di entalpia della reazione per mole, l'entalpia viene divisa per il numero di moli di acido cloridrico.

Le moli di acido cloridrico si trovano moltiplicando il volume in litri, 0, 05 L con la molarità 1 molare. Pertanto, 2, 9 kilojoule negativi diviso per 0, 050 Ciò rende ΔH positivo e il processo moli danno 58 kilojoule negativi per mole. 2:51, 467 positivo.

è chiamato endotermico.

<ol>
	<li>Banna, M. Salim. "Un riscaldatore per la calorimetria a pressione costante". Journal of Chemical Education 63, n. 11 (1986): 997.</li>
	<li>Ruekberg, Ben. "Un calorimetro per studenti economico, sicuro e robusto". Journal of Chemical Education 71, n. 4 (1994): 333.</li>
	<li>Stankus, John J. e Jennifer D. Caraway. "Sostituzione dei calorimetri a tazza di caffè con calorimetri a becher fabbricati." Journal of Chemical Education 88, n. 12 (2011): 1730-1731. 
	 </li>
</ol>

calorimetria a pressione costante

La calorimetria una tecnica utilizzata per misurare la quantit di calore coinvolta in un processo chimico o fisico o per misurare il calore trasferito a o da una sostanza. Il calore viene scambiato con un dispositivo calibrato e isolato chiamato calorimetro. Gli esperimenti di calorimetria si basano sul presupposto che non vi sia scambio di calore tra il calorimetro isolato e l'ambiente esterno. I calorimetri ben isolati impediscono il trasferimento di calore tra il calorimetro e il suo ambiente esterno, il che limita di fatto l'ambiente circostante ai componenti non di sistema all'interno del calorimetro (e del calorimetro stesso). Ci consente la determinazione accurata del calore coinvolto nei processi chimici, come il contenuto energetico degli alimenti.

La variazione di temperatura misurata dal calorimetro viene utilizzata per ricavare la quantit di calore trasferito dal processo in studio. In un calorimetro, un sistema definito come la sostanza o le sostanze che subiscono il cambiamento chimico o fisico, o in altre parole, la reazione e l'ambiente circostante sono tutte le altre materie, inclusa la soluzione e ogni altro componente nel calorimetro che fornisce o che assorbe calore al sistema.

Prima di discutere la calorimetria delle reazioni chimiche, consideriamo un esempio pi semplice che illustra l'idea centrale alla base della calorimetria. Supponiamo che un pezzo di metallo caldo ad alta temperatura venga posto in una sostanza a bassa temperatura, come l'acqua fredda. Il calore fluir dal metallo caldo all'acqua. La temperatura del metallo diminuir e la temperatura dell'acqua aumenter finch le due sostanze non avranno la stessa temperatura, cio quando raggiungeranno l'equilibrio termico. Se ci avviene in un calorimetro, tutto il calore viene trasferito tra le due sostanze, senza che il calore venga acquisito o perso dall'ambiente esterno. In queste circostanze ideali, la variazione di calore netto zero:

<img alt="Eq1" src="https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/798/798_Equations-01.png" style="height: 40px;" />

Questa relazione pu essere riorganizzata per mostrare che il calore acquisito dal metallo uguale al calore perso dalla sostanza acqua:

<img alt="Eq2" src="https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/798/798_Equations-02.png" style="height: 40px;" />

L'entit del calore (cambiamento) quindi la stessa per entrambe le sostanze. Il segno negativo mostra semplicemente che qmetallo e qacqua sono opposti nella direzione del flusso di calore (aumento o perdita), ma non indica il segno aritmetico di nessuno dei due valori q (che determinato dal fatto che la materia in questione guadagni o perda calore, a seconda definizione). Nella specifica situazione descritta, qmetallo un valore negativo e qacqua un valore positivo poich il calore viene trasferito dal metallo all'acqua.

Quando si utilizza la calorimetria per determinare il calore coinvolto in una reazione chimica, si applicano gli stessi principi. La quantit di calore assorbita dal calorimetro spesso sufficientemente piccola da poter essere spesso trascurata, e il calorimetro minimizza lo scambio di energia con l'ambiente esterno. Quando in soluzione in un calorimetro avviene una reazione esotermica, il calore prodotto dalla reazione viene assorbito dalla soluzione, che ne aumenta la temperatura. Quando avviene una reazione endotermica, il calore necessario viene assorbito dall'energia termica della soluzione, che ne diminuisce la temperatura. La variazione di temperatura (ΔT), insieme al calore specifico (csoln) e alla massa della soluzione (msoln), pu quindi essere utilizzata per calcolare la quantit di calore (qsoln) coinvolta in entrambi i casi.

<img alt="Eq3" src="https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/798/798_Equations-03.png" style="height: 40px;" />

Un semplice calorimetro, chiamato calorimetro della tazza di caff, costituito da due tazze di polistirolo annidate e chiuse con un coperchio allentato. I calorimetri a tazza di caff vengono utilizzati per misurare il calore delle reazioni che avvengono nelle soluzioni (principalmente soluzioni acquose) e comportano una variazione di volume minima o nulla. Poich l’energia non viene n creata n distrutta durante una reazione chimica, il calore prodotto o consumato nella reazione (il'sistema?), qrxn, pi il calore assorbito o perso dalla soluzione (l'ambiente circostante?), qsoln, devono sommarsi a zero:

<img alt="Eq4" src="https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/798/798_Equations-04.png" style="height: 40px;" />

Ci significa che la quantit di calore prodotta o consumata nella reazione uguale alla quantit di calore assorbita o persa dalla soluzione:

<img alt="Eq5" src="https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/798/798_Equations-05.png" style="height: 40px;" />

Il calorimetro della tazza di caff un calorimetro a pressione costante e il calore misurato della reazione equivalente alla variazione di entalpia.

<img alt="Eq6" src="https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/798/798_Equations-06.png" style="height: 40px;" />

Questo testo adattato da <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/5-2-calorimetry">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 5.2: Calorimetry</a>.

Calorimetria a pressione costante

La calorimetria è una tecnica utilizzata per misurare la quantità di calore coinvolta in un processo chimico o fisico o per misurare il calore trasferito da o verso un ...

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coffee cup calorimeter heat changes

Coffee cup calorimetry measures heat changes in reactions and physical changes using an insulated calorimeter. The calorimeter is calibrated and designed to limit heat exchange with the outside environment. That makes it possible to measure the heat taken in or released by a substance more accurately, including the energy content of foods.

In calorimetry, the system is the substance or substances undergoing change. The surroundings are everything else inside the calorimeter, including the solution and any other components that can give heat to the system or absorb heat from it. The measured temperature change is then used to calculate the heat transferred in the process under study.

A simple example helps show the idea. If a hot piece of metal is placed in cool water, heat flows from the metal to the water until both reach thermal equilibrium, or the same temperature. In an ideal calorimeter, no heat is gained or lost by the external environment, so the heat lost by the metal equals the heat gained by the water. The two heat values have the same magnitude, but they point in opposite directions of heat flow.

The same rules apply when a chemical reaction happens in solution. For an exothermic reaction, the reaction gives off heat, and the solution absorbs it, so the solution temperature rises. For an endothermic reaction, the reaction absorbs heat from the solution, so the solution temperature falls. The temperature change, along with the solution mass and specific heat, can be used to find the heat involved.

A coffee cup calorimeter is a simple constant-pressure calorimeter made from two nested polystyrene cups with a loose-fitting lid. It is used for reactions in solution, mostly aqueous solutions, when there is little or no volume change. In this setup, the heat of the reaction, q rxn, and the heat of the solution, q soln, add up to zero. That means the heat released or absorbed by the reaction matches the heat gained or lost by the solution. Because the pressure stays constant, the measured heat change is the enthalpy change.

Coffee Cup Calorimeter Heat Changes

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constant pressure calorimetry

Coffee cup calorimetry measures heat changes in reactions and physical changes using an insulated calorimeter. The calorimeter is calibrated and designed to limit heat exchange with the outside environment. That makes it possible to measure the heat taken in or released by a substance more accurately, including the energy content of foods. In calorimetry, the system is the substance or substances undergoing change. The surroundings are everything else inside the calorimeter, including the...

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Enthalpy changes are often listed for reactions that start and end under the same conditions. Chemists use a standard state as a reference set of conditions for comparing properties. In IUPAC terms, the standard state means 1 bar of pressure and 1 M solutions, but it does not set a temperature. Many thermochemical tables still use 1 atm as the reference pressure. Because the difference between 1 bar and 1 atm is very small, enthalpy change usually stays almost the same. A superscripted o in...

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Calculating reaction heat with Hess's law uses standard enthalpies of formation to find the enthalpy change of a reaction. When the formation values for the reactants and products are known, the overall reaction can be broken into simpler stepwise reactions. This approach helps show how the heat change for the full reaction is built from smaller parts. First, the reactants are thought of as being decomposed into their component elements. The enthalpy change for this step is proportional to the...

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Coffee Cup Calorimeter Heat Changes

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