Name: electromagnetic waves: uses across the spectrum
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:27.000Z
Duration: 2 min 37 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Earth and Space Science

Earth's Systems

3.3.9-12.H

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Lo spettro elettromagnetico è la gamma di frequenze e delle corrispondenti lunghezze d'onda della radiazione elettromagnetica. La lunghezza d'onda e la frequenza sono inversamente proporzionali tra loro;maggiore è la lunghezza d'onda, minore è la frequenza. L'energia della radiazione elettromagnetica è direttamente proporzionale alla sua frequenza, come mostrato dall'equazione di Planck.

Pertanto, le onde elettromagnetiche a più alta energia hanno le lunghezze d'onda più corte. Le onde elettromagnetiche sono classificate come onde radio, microonde, infrarossi, luce visibile, ultravioletti, raggi X o raggi gamma, a seconda delle loro frequenze e lunghezze d'onda. Le onde radio, che vengono utilizzate per trasmettere segnali fra i sistemi di comunicazione, hanno lunghezze d'onda più lunghe, le frequenze più basse e la quantità minima di energia.

Le microonde hanno le lunghezze d'onda successive più lunghe. I loro usi vanno dai sistemi radar al riscaldamento del cibo di casa. Troviamo poi la radiazione infrarossa, che è una componente significativa della radiazione termica emessa da oggetti caldi.

Per esempio, la Terra assorbe sia la radiazione infrarossa come parte dell'energia radiante emessa dal sole, sia essa stessa emette radiazione infrarossa nello spazio. Le lunghezze d'onda della luce visibile sono ancora più corte, comprese fra 740 e 390 nanometri. La luce rossa ha le lunghezze d'onda più lunghe e il viola ha le più corte.

Gli occhi umani rispondono solo a questo ristretto intervallo di lunghezze d'onda. La radiazione ultravioletta ha lunghezze d'onda ancora più corte. La luce solare è la fonte di radiazioni ultraviolette a noi più familiare, la quale ha abbastanza energia da far sì che un'eccessiva esposizione provochi scottature e, in soggetti predisposti, al cancro della pelle.

I raggi X e i raggi gamma hanno le lunghezze d'onda più brevi e sono le forme più energetiche di radiazione elettromagnetica. I raggi X possono passare attraverso molte sostanze, ma non passano molto facilmente attraverso le ossa. Questo li rende un importante strumento di imaging.

I raggi gamma sono meglio conosciuti per essere rilasciati durante le catene di decadimento di alcuni elementi radioattivi. Sebbene non esista una distinzione universale tra raggi gamma e raggi X, si ritiene che i raggi gamma abbiano le lunghezze d'onda più brevi, le frequenze più alte e le energie più alte.

lo spettro elettromagnetico

Lo spettro elettromagnetico costituito da tutti i tipi di radiazione elettromagnetica ordinati in base alla loro frequenza e lunghezza d'onda. Ciascuno dei vari colori della luce visibile ha frequenze e lunghezze d'onda specifiche ad essi associati e si pu vedere che la luce visibile costituisce solo una piccola porzione dello spettro elettromagnetico. Poich le tecnologie sviluppate per funzionare in varie parti dello spettro elettromagnetico sono diverse, per ragioni di comodit e di eredit storiche, vengono generalmente utilizzate unit diverse per diverse parti dello spettro. Ad esempio, le onde radio sono solitamente specificate come frequenze (tipicamente in unit di MHz), mentre la regione visibile solitamente specificata in lunghezze d'onda (tipicamente in unit di nm o angstrom).

<img alt="Eq1" src="https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/975/975Image_1.png" style="width: 700px;" />



Figura 1: Parti dello spettro elettromagnetico sono mostrate in ordine di frequenza crescente e lunghezza d'onda decrescente.

I tipi di onde elettromagnetiche sono onde radio, microonde, ultravioletti, visibili, infrarossi, raggi X e raggi gamma.

Le onde radio hanno le lunghezze d’onda pi lunghe, le frequenze pi basse e trasportano la minima quantit di energia. Sono utilizzati nella tecnologia dei telefoni cellulari, nelle trasmissioni radiofoniche e televisive, nel controllo del traffico aereo, ecc.

Le microonde hanno lunghezze d’onda pi corte rispetto alle onde radio. Vengono assorbiti dall'acqua e vengono utilizzati per riscaldare e cuocere gli alimenti.

Poi c' la radiazione infrarossa, emessa da oggetti caldi. Ad esempio, la Terra assorbe energia radiante dal sole ed emette radiazioni infrarosse. Parte della radiazione infrarossa viene assorbita e riemessa dall'atmosfera per mantenere la temperatura media della Terra attraverso l'effetto serra. Gli occhiali per la visione notturna rilevano le radiazioni infrarosse emesse dal nostro corpo.

La luce visibile solo una piccola parte delle radiazioni elettromagnetiche che vanno da 740 a 390 nm. Gli occhi umani possono vedere solo questa piccola gamma di lunghezze d'onda. La luce visibile costituita principalmente da sette componenti di colore, tra cui rosso, arancione, giallo, verde, blu, indaco e viola.

La radiazione ultravioletta ha lunghezze d'onda che vanno da 400 a 10 nm. La luce solare la fonte pi familiare di radiazioni UV. Trasporta abbastanza energia che, con un'esposizione eccessiva, provoca scottature.

I raggi X possono attraversare molte sostanze, rendendoli un importante strumento di imaging. I dentisti usano i raggi X per scopi diagnostici e la sicurezza aeroportuale li usa per visualizzare i componenti in una valigia.

I raggi gamma hanno lunghezze d'onda, alte frequenze ed energie pi piccole. I raggi gamma vengono rilasciati dalle reazioni nucleari e dagli elementi radioattivi presenti in natura.

I raggi X e i raggi gamma sono le forme pi energetiche di radiazione elettromagnetica. Le loro alte energie possono ionizzare atomi e molecole. Le radiazioni ionizzanti possono causare cambiamenti permanenti o danni alle molecole biologiche. Sono usati per distruggere le cellule tumorali.

Questo testo adattato da <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/6-1-electromagnetic-energy">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 6.1: Electromagnetic Energy.</a>

Lo spettro elettromagnetico

Lo spettro elettromagnetico è costituito da tutti i tipi di radiazione elettromagnetica disposti in base alla loro frequenza e lunghezza d'onda. Ognuno dei ...

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electromagnetic waves: uses across the spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum includes all electromagnetic radiation arranged by frequency and wavelength. Visible light is only a small part of it, and each color of visible light has its own frequency and wavelength. Different parts of the spectrum also use different units. Radio waves are usually measured in MHz, while the visible range is often measured in nm or angstroms.

The spectrum is organized from radio waves to gamma rays as frequency increases and wavelength decreases. Radio waves have the longest wavelengths, the lowest frequencies, and the least energy. They are used in cell phones, radio and television broadcasts, and air-traffic control. Microwaves have shorter wavelengths than radio waves and are absorbed by water, which is why they can heat and cook food.

Infrared radiation is next and is emitted by warm objects. The Earth absorbs energy from the Sun and gives off infrared radiation. Some of this radiation is absorbed and re-emitted by the atmosphere, which helps keep Earth’s average temperature stable through the greenhouse effect. Night vision goggles also detect the infrared radiation that our bodies emit.

Visible light spans only about 740 to 390 nm, so the human eye can see just a narrow band of electromagnetic radiation. This band includes red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Ultraviolet radiation has wavelengths from about 400 to 10 nm. Sunlight is the most familiar source of UV radiation, and too much exposure can cause sunburn.

X-rays can pass through many materials, so they are useful for imaging. Dentists use x-rays for diagnosis, and airport security uses them to view what is inside a suitcase. Gamma rays have even smaller wavelengths, higher frequencies, and higher energies. They come from nuclear reactions and naturally occurring radioactive elements. X-rays and gamma rays are the most energetic forms of electromagnetic radiation, and their ionizing radiation can damage biological molecules. Because of that, they can be used to destroy cancer cells.

Electromagnetic Waves: Uses Across the Spectrum

electromagnetic-waves-uses-across-the-spectrum

the wave nature of light

Measuring Light with Wavelength and Frequency

Light can be described as an electromagnetic wave, and its behavior helps explain many patterns seen in science. For centuries, scientists have tried to understand light. Newton used lenses and prisms to show that white light is made of the colors of the rainbow mixed together. He explained light as tiny particles moving at high speed. Other scientists, including Christiaan Huygens, showed that reflection and refraction could also be explained by treating light as a wave. At the time, people...

the electromagnetic spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum includes all electromagnetic radiation arranged by frequency and wavelength. Visible light is only a small part of it, and each color of visible light has its own frequency and wavelength. Different parts of the spectrum also use different units. Radio waves are usually measured in MHz, while the visible range is often measured in nm or angstroms. The spectrum is organized from radio waves to gamma rays as frequency increases and wavelength decreases. Radio waves...

interference and diffraction

Wave Patterns from Light and Slits

Light can form wave patterns through interference and diffraction. When two electromagnetic waves meet with their peaks and troughs lined up, they combine into a larger wave. This is constructive interference, and the waves are in phase. When a peak of one wave meets a trough of the other, the waves reduce each other. This is destructive interference, and the result has a much lower amplitude. Diffraction is another wave behavior. When light passes through a slit that is about the same size as...

photoelectric effect

Why Light Ejects Electrons from Metals

Light can eject electrons from a metal surface when it has the right frequency. This process is called the photoelectric effect. Each metal has its own threshold frequency, which is the minimum light frequency needed to free electrons. Light below the threshold frequency cannot cause emission, even if it is very bright. When the light frequency is above the threshold, electrons are ejected. In that case, the number of electrons released is directly proportional to the intensity, or brightness,...

the bohr model

Bohr’s Quantized Atomic Orbits

Bohr’s quantized atomic orbits explain why hydrogen atoms can stay stable. Early in the twentieth century, Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues described atoms as tiny dense nuclei with lighter electrons moving around them. This picture was called the planetary model because it compared the atom to a miniature solar system, with electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets around the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen. It has one proton in the nucleus and one electron moving around it. In the...

emission spectra

Line Spectra from Heated Gases

Line spectra are produced when heated gases give off light at specific wavelengths. In contrast, hot solids, liquids, or condensed gases radiate excess energy as a continuous spectrum. That spectrum contains an unbroken range of wavelengths. A gas at low partial pressure can produce a line spectrum when it is excited by an electric current or heated. Fluorescent light bulbs and neon signs work in this way. Each element has its own characteristic set of lines, and molecules can also produce...

the de broglie wavelength

Electron Waves and Standing Orbits

Electron waves and standing orbits explain how tiny particles can behave like waves. Large objects in the macroscopic world, like a billiard ball on a table, follow classical physics. A ball keeps moving in a straight line unless it hits another ball or a force such as friction acts on it. It also has a well-defined position, velocity, and momentum, where momentum is mass times velocity. Waves behave differently from macroscopic particles. When waves interact, they can form interference...

the uncertainty principle

Electron Position and Momentum Limits

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the quantum-mechanical model of an atom

Electron Orbitals in Quantum Mechanics

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quantum numbers

Electron Orbitals and Spin

Electron orbitals are described by quantum numbers that show where an electron is most likely to be found around the nucleus. These numbers come from the quantum mechanical model, which is based on solutions of the Schrödinger equation. They also help explain why electron energy comes in set values instead of changing smoothly. The principal quantum number, n, labels the energy level. It can be 1, 2, 3, and so on, and higher n values usually mean higher electron energy. This number also tells...

atomic orbitals

Electron Regions in Atomic Orbitals

Electron regions in atomic orbitals show where an electron is most likely to be found in an atom. These three-dimensional regions are often drawn as boundary surfaces around the densest part of the cloud. The shape of an orbital depends on the angular momentum quantum number, l. This value can range from 0 to n - 1, where n is the principal quantum number. For n = 1, only l = 0 is allowed. For n = 2, both l = 0 and l = 1 are allowed. Orbitals with the same value of l form a subshell. The l =...

the pauli exclusion principle

Electron Spin and Orbital Pairing

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the energies of atomic orbitals

Shielding and Orbital Penetration

Shielding and orbital penetration help explain why electrons in an atom have different energies. Electrons are attracted to the positive nucleus, but they also repel one another in atoms with more than one electron. The strength of these forces depends on the charge and the distance between the particles. Opposite charges attract, like charges repel, and the force gets weaker as the particles move farther apart. An electron that stays closer to the nucleus is held more tightly. That means...

the aufbau principle and hund's rule

Electron Filling Order in Atomic Orbitals

Electron filling order in atomic orbitals follows the aufbau principle and Hund's rule. To write an electron configuration, we build atoms in order of atomic number. Starting with hydrogen and moving across the periods of the periodic table, one proton is added to the nucleus and one electron is placed into the correct subshell. This process describes the ground-state electron configurations of the elements. The aufbau principle comes from the German word aufbau, which means "to build up." It...

electron configuration of multielectron atoms

electron-configuration-of-multielectron-atoms

Valence Electrons and Noble Gas Shorthand

Valence electrons and noble gas shorthand help show how electrons are arranged in multielectron atoms. Sodium, the alkali metal with atomic number 11, has one more electron than neon. That extra electron goes into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, so sodium has the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1. Electrons in the outermost shell, where n is highest, are called valence electrons. Electrons in the inner shells are called core electrons. Because core electrons often match a...

key terms and concepts

Explore the electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays, including visible light, infrared, UV, X-rays, and their real-world uses.

Electromagnetic Waves: Uses Across the Spectrum | JoVE K12

chemistry

JoVE Core: Chimica illustra concetti chiave di chimica attraverso video animazioni concise e di immediata comprensione. Inoltre, i video della sezione "scienziati in azione" mostrano procedure metodologiche realizzate da ricercatori provenienti dai migliori laboratori internazionali.

Weather and Climate

3.3.9-12.E

Physical Science

Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

3.2.9-12.X

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-4

Tennessee Academic Standards

Physics

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Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

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New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

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Matter and Its Interactions

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Earth's Place in the Universe

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9-12.ESS.1.2.a

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Florida Department of Education

SC.912.E.5

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SC.912.P.10.19

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

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New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Chemical Reactions

HS-PS1-7.

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HS-PS4-3.

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3.3.9-12.K

Electromagnetic Waves: Uses Across the Spectrum

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