Name: how gc-ms separates and identifies compounds
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

La gascromatografia-spettrometria di massa, o GC-MS, combina la gascromatografia e la spettrometria di massa in un unico strumento per l'analisi di una miscela di composti.
Il gascromatografo viene utilizzato per separare i composti e lo spettrometro di massa viene utilizzato per analizzare la massa di ciascun composto.
La configurazione del cromatografo è costituita da una colonna capillare lunga e stretta alloggiata in un forno. La fase stazionaria è un materiale a base di silicone ad alto punto di ebollizione a bassa polarità e alta viscosità rivestito sulla superficie interna della colonna.
L'analita viene iniettato all'ingresso della colonna del cromatografo, dove un gas trasportatore inerte, la fase mobile, lo trasporta attraverso lo spettrometro di massa.
I composti nell'analita viaggiano attraverso la colonna a velocità diverse a causa della differenza nel loro punto di ebollizione e dell'affinità verso la fase stazionaria.
Quindi, i composti raggiungono l'altra estremità della colonna a diversi intervalli di tempo, dove uno spettrometro di massa collegato analizza separatamente i segnali di massa di ciascun composto.

gascromatografia-spettrometria di massa (gc-ms)

Gas Chromatography&ndash;Mass Spectrometry (GC&ndash;MS)

La gascromatografia-spettrometria di massa (GC-MS) è la combinazione di tecniche analitiche di gascromatografia e spettrometria di massa in un unico strumento per analizzare una miscela di composti. Il gascromatografo separa i composti nella miscela e lo spettrometro di massa analizza ciascun composto separatamente per determinare le masse molecolari e le strutture molecolari.

Un gascromatografo è costituito da una colonna capillare lunga e stretta con un rivestimento di polisilossano sulla parete interna. Il materiale di rivestimento presenta un punto di ebollizione elevato, una bassa viscosità e una bassa polarità e funziona come fase stazionaria del cromatografo. L'analita viene iniettato in un'estremità della colonna e fatto fluire attraverso la colonna utilizzando un flusso di gas inerte come fase mobile. Il punto di ebollizione di ciascun composto e la sua interazione con la fase stazionaria determina la velocità di movimento attraverso la colonna. Di conseguenza, ciascun composto della miscela raggiunge l'altra estremità della colonna in tempi diversi. Alla fine, lo spettrometro di massa collegato all'estremità della colonna analizza ciascun composto separatamente.

Gascromatografia-spettrometria di massa (GC-MS)

La gascromatografia-spettrometria di massa (GC-MS) è la combinazione di tecniche analitiche di gascromatografia e spettrometria di massa in un ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

Chimica Analitica

Unit 1

Unità 1

Principles of Mass Spectrometry

Principi della spettrometria di massa

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

how gc-ms separates and identifies compounds

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) separates compounds in a mixture and then identifies them. A gas chromatograph first splits the mixture into its parts. A mass spectrometer then analyzes each part on its own to determine molecular masses and molecular structures.

The gas chromatograph uses a long, narrow capillary column. The inner wall of the column has a polysiloxane coating. This coating serves as the stationary phase. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and low polarity.

The analyte is injected into one end of the column. An inert gas carries it through the column as the mobile phase. Each compound moves at a different speed because of its boiling point and its interaction with the stationary phase. As a result, the compounds reach the end of the column at different times.

When each compound leaves the column, it enters the mass spectrometer. The mass spectrometer then analyzes that compound separately. This step reveals the molecular mass and gives information about molecular structure.

How GC-MS Separates and Identifies Compounds

how-gc-ms-separates-and-identifies-compounds

mass spectrometry: overview

Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Identity

Mass spectrometry helps identify a compound by measuring its molecular mass and molecular formula. It does this by turning the analyte molecule into ions and then comparing ion abundance with mass-to-charge ratio. One common ionization method is electron ionization, or EI. In EI, high-energy electron beams strike analyte molecules in the gas phase. The beam removes an electron and leaves a molecular ion behind. A molecular ion is a radical cation, so it has a positive charge and an unpaired...

mass spectrometry: isotope effect

Isotope Peaks in Mass Spectra

Isotope peaks in mass spectra show how natural isotope mixtures change the signal of a molecule. Most elements occur as a mix of isotopes, which are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Because isotopes have different masses, the same fragment can appear at more than one position in a spectrum. The mass of a molecule depends on which isotopes are present in its atoms. The size of each isotope peak also depends on how common those isotopes are in nature. Carbon is a...

mass spectrometry: molecular fragmentation overview

mass-spectrometry-molecular-fragmentation-overview

Mass Spectrometry Fragmentation Patterns

Mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns show how a molecular ion breaks apart after ionization. When a molecule loses an electron inside the mass spectrometer, its structure becomes unstable. The ion then fragments at bonds that often produce the most stable pieces. One common pattern is cleavage of a single bond in the molecular ion. This break forms a radical and a cation. The bond can split in more than one way, but the favored path is the one that gives the more stable carbocation rather...

mass spectrometers

How Mass Spectrometers Sort Ions

A mass spectrometer sorts charged ions by their mass-to-charge ratio and records their relative abundance. It turns vaporized analyte molecules into ions, separates them, and then measures the signal from each type of ion. The process begins in the ionization chamber. The analyte is in the gas phase inside a vacuum, and it is struck by high-energy electrons. The electrons have about 70 eV of energy, which is enough to remove an electron from the analyte and form a molecular ion. After...

mass spectrum

Reading Peaks in a Mass Spectrum

A mass spectrum shows the charged fragments in an analyte as peaks plotted by mass-to-charge ratio, or m/z. The x-axis gives the mass of each charged fragment divided by the number of charges it carries. The y-axis shows the relative abundance of each charged species based on the signal intensity recorded at the detector. The tallest peak is called the base peak. It is assigned an abundance of 100%, and the other peaks are scaled against it. The peak from the molecular ion is called the parent...

mass spectrum: interpretation

Decoding Molecular Ions in Mass Spectra

Mass spectra help scientists identify an unknown compound by finding the molecular ion peak. The molecular ion peak shows the mass of the intact molecule, but it is often weak or missing because high-energy electron beams cause strong fragmentation. When that happens, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum and improve the molecular ion signal. Other ionization methods can also give a stronger molecular ion peak. Chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption...

mass analyzers: overview

Mass Analyzers and Ion Separation

Mass analyzers separate ions by their mass-to-charge ratio, or m/z, in a mass spectrometer. After a sample is vaporized in the ionization chamber, it is hit with a high-energy electron beam. This creates a radical cation and also produces neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. Negatively charged accelerator plates then push the cations into the mass analyzer, where they are sent on to the detector. Several mass analyzer designs are commonly used. These include magnetic sector,...

mass analyzers: common types

Quadrupole, TOF, and Ion Trap Analyzers

Quadrupole, time-of-flight, and ion trap mass analyzers each separate ions in a different way. They are common tools in mass spectrometry and help sort ions by their mass-to-charge ratio, or m/z. A quadrupole mass analyzer uses four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond shape. The rods carry a direct current, or DC, voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. Ion motion depends on the field strength, so only ions with a certain m/z resonate and reach the detector at that setting. This...

high-resolution mass spectrometry (hrms)

Mass Accuracy in HRMS Analysis

High-resolution mass spectrometry separates ions by very small differences in mass. This matters because atomic masses are not always exact whole numbers, even though they are often rounded for simple calculations. Atomic mass is usually estimated by adding the masses of protons and neutrons. In reality, the proton and neutron do not have exactly the same mass. That creates small differences when atomic masses are compared to the simplest hydrogen atom. Helium, for example, is made of 2...

mass spectrometry: complex analysis

Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Methods

Mass spectrometry can be paired with separation methods to study complex mixtures. This combination is called a hyphenated method. It helps when a pure mass spectrum is too hard to read because a mixture causes too much fragmentation and too many overlapping signals. GC-MS is one common hyphenated method. GC stands for gas chromatography, which separates volatile, thermally stable compounds in narrow capillary columns before they enter the mass spectrometer. This approach is widely used in...

tandem mass spectrometry

MS/MS Scan Modes and Fragment Ions

Tandem mass spectrometry uses two or more mass analyzers in series to improve selectivity and lower chemical noise during analyte detection. A set of analyzers separated by an interaction cell lets the instrument break ions apart and study the fragment ions that form. Fragmentation happens in the interaction cell and can be caused in several ways. Collision-induced dissociation, or CID, uses inert gases such as nitrogen, argon, or helium. Other methods include surface-induced dissociation...

gas chromatography&ndash;mass spectrometry (gc&ndash;ms)

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) separates compounds in a mixture and then identifies them. A gas chromatograph first splits the mixture into its parts. A mass spectrometer then analyzes each part on its own to determine molecular masses and molecular structures. The gas chromatograph uses a long, narrow capillary column. The inner wall of the column has a polysiloxane coating. This coating serves as the stationary phase. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and low polarity.

inductively coupled plasma&#8211;mass spectrometry (icp&#8211;ms): overview

inductively-coupled-plasmamass-spectrometry-icpms-overview

ICP-MS Sample Ionization and Detection

ICP-MS uses an inductively coupled plasma torch to turn samples into ions for mass analysis. Solid samples are first dissolved and volatilized before they enter the hot argon plasma. Solution samples are nebulized, which means they are converted into a fine spray, and then passed through the same plasma. Inside the plasma, the analytes break apart. Their atoms become positively charged ions, along with some molecular species. These positive ions are sent to the mass spectrometer, where they...

inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (icp-ms): interferences

inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry-icp-ms-interferences

ICP-MS Signal Interference Sources and Fixes

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a sensitive method for elemental analysis, but its spectra can be affected by interferences. These interferences can make the mass signal less accurate, even when the instrument is working well. Spectroscopic interferences happen when ions in the plasma have the same mass-to-charge ratio, or m/z, as the analyte ion. This group includes isobaric interferences, polyatomic ion interferences, and refractory oxide ion interferences. Isobaric...

key terms and concepts

Learn how GC-MS uses gas chromatography to separate a mixture and mass spectrometry to identify each compound by mass and structure.

How GC-MS Separates and Identifies Compounds | JoVE K12

analytical chemistry

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How GC-MS Separates and Identifies Compounds

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