Name: elements in the human body and periodic table
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T11:40:24.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

High School

Chemistry

Matter and Its Interactions

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The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements

A livello fondamentale, tutta la materia è composta da molecole costituite da diversi elementi chimici.
Gli elementi sono sostanze pure che costituiscono un solo tipo di atomo.
La tavola periodica è un riferimento standard in chimica in cui gli elementi sono disposti in base al loro numero atomico crescente.
Il simbolo specifico utilizzato per un elemento è spesso costituito dalle prime due lettere del suo nome. I simboli possono anche derivare dal nome latino o tedesco di un elemento. Ad esempio, il sodio è abbreviato in Na per Natrium e il ferro è abbreviato in Fe per Ferrum.
Il 96% della materia biologica è composto prevalentemente da quattro elementi: ossigeno, carbonio, idrogeno e azoto.
Il restante 4% è composto da calcio, fosforo, potassio, zolfo e ferro.
Negli animali, mentre il calcio è essenziale per la crescita sana di denti e ossa, il ferro nell'emoglobina trasporta le molecole di ossigeno dai polmoni alle altre cellule del corpo.
Inoltre, gli ioni metallici come magnesio, manganese, rame, zinco, molibdeno e potassio aiutano gli enzimi a catalizzare varie reazioni metaboliche.

la tavola periodica e gli elementi degli organismi

Gli elementi sono le unità più piccole della materia che non possono essere ulteriormente scomposte dai processi chimici. Esistono 118 elementi conosciuti, ma non tutti sono presenti in natura e solo alcuni di essi sono essenziali per la vita. La materia vivente è composta principalmente da carbonio, azoto, idrogeno e ossigeno, con quantità minori di altri elementi come calcio, fosforo, potassio e zolfo. Anche altri elementi sono necessari per la vita, ma solo in tracce.

La tavola periodica fornisce informazioni sulle proprietà fisiche e chimiche degli elementi

La tavola periodica organizza gli elementi in base alle loro proprietà fisiche e chimiche. Ogni quadrato della tavola periodica mostra il nome completo, il simbolo chimico, il numero atomico e il peso atomico di un elemento. Il numero atomico di un elemento corrisponde al numero di protoni presenti nel suo nucleo e fornisce informazioni sulla dimensione dell'elemento. Gli elementi sono organizzati nella tavola periodica in colonne (gruppi) e righe (periodi) principalmente in base ai loro numeri atomici. Sono inoltre raggruppati in base ad altre proprietà fisiche e chimiche, come la reattività, la posizione dei loro elettroni più esterni e la capacità di creare determinati tipi di legami. Gli elementi nello stesso gruppo (cioè colonna) variano in dimensioni ma hanno molte proprietà chimiche in comune tra loro. Al contrario, gli elementi nello stesso periodo (cioè riga) sono più simili in dimensioni e hanno i loro elettroni situati in un posto simile, ma variano notevolmente nelle loro proprietà chimiche.

Gli elementi principali e gli oligoelementi costituiscono il corpo umano

Tutta la vita sulla Terra contiene gli elementi ossigeno, carbonio, idrogeno e azoto. Più precisamente, il 96% del corpo umano è composto da questi quattro elementi. Il restante 4% è composto principalmente da calcio, fosforo, potassio, zolfo, sodio, cloro e magnesio, in ordine di abbondanza relativa. Inoltre, alcuni elementi sono essenziali per l’uomo ma costituiscono meno dello 0,01% del corpo; questi sono chiamati oligoelementi. Anche se sono presenti solo in piccole quantità, gli oligoelementi sono comunque fondamentali per la salute. Il ferro, ad esempio, svolge un ruolo essenziale nei globuli rossi, aiutando a legare l’ossigeno in modo che possa essere trasportato attraverso il sistema circolatorio. Troppo poco ferro può provocare anemia da carenza di ferro, causando affaticamento, mancanza di respiro, debolezza e ritmo cardiaco irregolare.

Alcuni elementi sono dannosi per gli organismi viventi

Alcuni elementi hanno effetti dannosi sulla salute anche a piccole dosi. Il mercurio, ad esempio, è uno dei tanti metalli pesanti che può produrre una serie di sintomi a piccole dosi, a seconda del tessuto interessato, e provoca la morte a dosi maggiori. Può accumularsi nel tempo nei tessuti degli organismi multicellulari, quindi l'esposizione ripetuta è motivo di preoccupazione. I contaminanti da metalli pesanti spesso entrano nella rete alimentare a livello dei produttori primari, cioè le piante, prima di colpire gli organismi a livelli trofici più elevati come gli esseri umani.

La tavola periodica e gli elementi degli organismi

Gli elementi sono le unità più piccole della materia che non possono essere ulteriormente scomposte dai processi chimici. Ci sono 118 elementi noti, ma non tutti questi sono ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia cellulare

Unit 1

Unità 1

Biochemistry of the Cell

Biochimica della cellula

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

elements in the human body and periodic table

Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. Scientists know 118 elements, but not all of them occur naturally. Only a small number are essential for life, and living matter depends mostly on carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen.

The periodic table organizes elements by their physical and chemical properties. Each square shows the element name, chemical symbol, atomic number, and atomic weight. The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus. It also helps describe an element’s size. Elements are arranged in columns, called groups, and rows, called periods. These patterns are based mainly on atomic number, but they also reflect reactivity, outer electron placement, and the kinds of bonds an element can form.

Elements in the same group share many chemical properties, even though they vary in size. Elements in the same period are more similar in size and have electrons in similar places, but their chemical properties can differ a lot. This makes the periodic table a useful tool for comparing how elements behave.

The human body is made mostly of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Together, these four elements make up about 96% of the body. The remaining 4% is mainly calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, listed in order of abundance. Some elements are needed in very small amounts. These are called trace elements, and they still matter for health.

Iron is one important trace element. It helps red blood cells bind oxygen so it can move through the circulatory system. Too little iron can cause iron-deficiency anemia. Symptoms can include fatigue, shortness of breath, weakness, and irregular heart rhythms.

Not every element is helpful to living organisms. Mercury is one heavy metal that can damage tissues even in small doses, depending on which tissue is affected. Larger doses can be deadly. Mercury can also build up in the tissues of multicellular organisms over time, so repeated exposure is a concern. Heavy metal contaminants often enter the food web through primary producers, such as plants, and then move to higher trophic levels, including humans.

Elements in the Human Body and Periodic Table

elements-in-the-human-body-and-periodic-table

the periodic table and organismal elements

Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. Scientists know 118 elements, but not all of them occur naturally. Only a small number are essential for life, and living matter depends mostly on carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. The periodic table organizes elements by their physical and chemical properties. Each square shows the element name, chemical symbol, atomic number, and atomic weight. The atomic number is the number of protons...

functional groups

Functional Groups in Organic Molecules

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types of chemical bonds

Chemical Bonds and How Atoms Join

Chemical bonds hold atoms together and help explain how different substances form. In chemistry, the main bond types are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Ionic bonds form when electrons move from one atom to another. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Metallic bonds occur in metals, where electrons are held in a shared arrangement that gives metals their characteristic behavior. Understanding these bond types helps students compare how atoms connect in different...

noncovalent attractions in biomolecules

Biomolecule Interactions Without Covalent Bonds

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polymers

Polymer Chains and Their Properties

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structure of lipids

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chemistry of carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Structure and Bonding

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nucleic acids

DNA and RNA in Cells

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that help store and use genetic information in cells. They are key molecules in biology and are often studied together because they work as a pair in living systems. Nucleic acids are built from repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The order of these bases carries the genetic code. There are two main nucleic acids: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, and RNA, or ribonucleic acid. DNA usually stores...

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ph regulation in cells

Cell pH and Organelle Balance

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chemistry of the cell

Cell Chemistry: Water, Ions, and Molecules

Cell chemistry explains the substances that make cells work. Water is the main component of cells, and it supports the chemical reactions that keep life going. Cells also contain organic molecules, which are carbon-based compounds, and inorganic ions, which are charged particles needed for cell function. Organic molecules in cells include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules have different roles, but together they build cell structures, store energy, and carry...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the periodic table organizes elements, which elements make up the human body, and why trace elements like iron matter for health.

Elements in the Human Body and Periodic Table | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

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Periodic Classification of the Elements

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Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are ...

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Chemical Stoichiometry and Gases: Using Ideal Gas Law to Determine Moles

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C-PS1-3.

The Bohr Model

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Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission

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Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions

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Develop a model to illustrate that the release or absorption of energy from a chemical reaction system depends upon the changes in total bond energy.

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Apply scientific principles and evidence to provide an explanation about the effects of changing the temperature or concentration of the reacting particles on the rate at which a reaction occurs.

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Elements in the Human Body and Periodic Table

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