Name: how lipid molecules are built
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:47.000Z
Duration: 3 min 38 s
Channel: JoVE

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SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.1

Structure of Lipids

I lipidi sono un gruppo di molecole idrofobiche che includono trigliceridi, usati per immagazzinare energia, e fosfolipidi, che sono i principali componenti strutturali delle membrane cellulari. I trigliceridi e la maggior parte dei fosfolipidi sono costituiti da glicerolo e catene di acidi grassi. Gli acidi grassi possiedono gruppi metilici ad un'estremità della catena, e gruppi carbossilici all'estremità opposta.

Il carbonio collegato al gruppo carbossilico è detto carbonio alfa e il carbonio del gruppo metilico è noto come carbonio omega. Gli acidi grassi variano a seconda della lunghezza e della presenza di doppi legami nella catena degli idrocarburi. Quelli con doppi legami sono acidi grassi insaturi, e quelli con solo legami singoli sono acidi grassi saturi perché contengono il maggior numero possibile di atomi di idrogeno.

Gli acidi grassi hanno spesso nomi comuni, ma possono essere sistematicamente denominati in base al numero di atomi di carbonio e al numero e alla posizione dei doppi legami nella catena del carbonio. Esistono diversi metodi di numerazione comuni. Il sistema di riferimento carbossilico conta la posizione di tutti i doppi legami a partire dal carbonio carbossilico, che è numerato come 1.

Il sistema di riferimento omega conta la posizione del doppio legame più vicino al carbonio omega, con il carbonio omega numerato come 1. Per esempio, l'acido linolenico, un acido grasso omega 3, ha 18 atomi di carbonio e doppi legami nelle posizioni 9, 12 e 15 dal conteggio dall'estremità carbossilica. Questo sarà chiamato 18:3 Δ9, 12, 15 secondo il sistema di riferimento carbossilico e 18:3 secondo il sistema di riferimento omega.

Gli acidi grassi insaturi possono presentarsi in due configurazioni:cis e trans. Nella configurazione cis, gli idrogeni sugli atomi di carbonio coinvolti nel doppio legame sono sullo stesso lato del legame, mentre nella configurazione trans, gli idrogeni si trovano sui lati opposti. Strutturalmente, gli acidi grassi cis hanno catene piegate, mentre gli acidi grassi trans hanno catene diritte.

È stato scoperto che il consumo di grassi trans è responsabile di varie malattie cardiovascolari, mentre il consumo di acidi grassi cis, come omega-3 e omega-6, è noto per essere benefico per la salute. I trigliceridi, comunemente noti come grassi, sono principalmente usati per l'immagazzinamento di energia. Sono composti da tre acidi grassi legati al glicerolo tramite legami esteri fra le estremità idrossiliche del glicerolo e le estremità carbossiliche degli acidi grassi con conseguente formazione di una molecola non polare.

Se tutti e tre gli acidi grassi sono dello stesso tipo, sono noti come trigliceridi semplici. Se i tre acidi grassi differiscono, sono detti trigliceridi misti. Un altro tipo di lipidi, i fosfolipidi, rappresenta un'importante caratteristica strutturale delle membrane biologiche.

Essi hanno teste idrofile, costituite da gruppi fosfato modificati con un gruppo alcolico idrofilo, e code di acidi grassi idrofobici. La composizione di queste teste e code può variare, risultando in diversi tipi di lipidi di membrana. I glicerofosfolipidi sono un tipo comune di fosfolipidi costituito da due acidi grassi e un gruppo altamente polare, il quale è attaccato a ciascun carbonio di glicerolo tramite legami esteri e fosfodiesteri, rispettivamente.

struttura dei lipidi

I lipidi comprendono un gruppo eterogeneo di composti che sono in gran parte di natura non polare. Questo perché sono idrocarburi che includono per lo più legami carbonio-carbonio o carbonio-idrogeno non polari. Le molecole non polari sono idrofobiche ("temono l'acqua") o insolubili in acqua. I lipidi svolgono molte funzioni diverse in una cellula. Le cellule immagazzinano energia per un uso a lungo termine sotto forma di grassi. I lipidi forniscono anche isolamento dall’ambiente per piante e animali. Ad esempio, aiutano a mantenere asciutti gli uccelli acquatici e i mammiferi quando formano uno strato protettivo sulla pelliccia o sulle piume a causa della loro natura idrorepellente e idrofobica. I lipidi sono anche gli elementi costitutivi di molti ormoni e sono un costituente importante di tutte le membrane cellulari. I lipidi comprendono grassi, oli, cere, fosfolipidi e steroidi.

Struttura generale dei lipidi

Una molecola di grasso è costituita da due componenti principali- glicerolo e acidi grassi. Il glicerolo è un composto organico (alcol) con tre atomi di carbonio, cinque idrogeni e tre gruppi ossidrile (OH). Gli acidi grassi hanno una lunga catena di idrocarburi a cui è attaccato un gruppo carbossilico, da qui il nome “acido grasso”. Il numero di atomi di carbonio nell'acido grasso può variare da 4 a 36. I più comuni sono quelli contenenti 12-18 atomi di carbonio. In una molecola di grasso, gli acidi grassi si attaccano a ciascuno dei tre atomi di carbonio della molecola di glicerolo con un legame estere attraverso un atomo di ossigeno. Unendo tre acidi grassi a uno scheletro di glicerolo in una reazione di disidratazione si forma il triacilglicerolo. I tre acidi grassi nel triacilglicerolo possono essere simili o dissimili.

Un fosfolipide è un altro tipo comune di lipide. È una molecola anfipatica, ovvero ha una parte idrofoba e una idrofila. Le catene degli acidi grassi sono idrofobiche e non possono interagire con l'acqua; mentre il gruppo contenente fosfato è idrofilo e interagisce con l'acqua. Le teste idrofile dei fosfolipidi sono rivolte verso la soluzione acquosa. Le code idrofobe sono sequestrate al centro del doppio strato.

Acidi grassi

Gli acidi grassi possono essere saturi o insaturi. In una catena di acidi grassi, se sono presenti solo legami singoli tra gli atomi di carbonio vicini nella catena idrocarburica, l'acido grasso è saturo. L'acido stearico è un esempio di acido grasso saturo.

Quando la catena idrocarburica contiene un doppio legame, l'acido grasso è insaturo. L'acido oleico è un esempio di acido grasso insaturo. La maggior parte dei grassi insaturi sono liquidi a temperatura ambiente e sono chiamati oli. Se è presente un doppio legame nella molecola, allora si tratta di un grasso monoinsaturo (ad esempio, l'olio d'oliva), mentre se è presente più di un doppio legame, allora è un grasso polinsaturo (ad esempio, l'olio di canola). Gli acidi grassi lunghi e lineari con legami singoli generalmente si compattano strettamente e sono solidi a temperatura ambiente. I grassi animali con acido stearico e acido palmitico (comuni nella carne) e il grasso con acido butirrico (comune nel burro) sono esempi di grassi saturi.

Gli acidi grassi possono inoltre essere classificati in Cis e trans. Cis e trans indicano la configurazione della molecola attorno al doppio legame. Se gli idrogeni sono presenti sullo stesso piano è un grasso cis. Se gli atomi di idrogeno si trovano su due piani diversi, si tratta di un grasso trans. Il doppio legame cis provoca una piega o una “piega” che impedisce agli acidi grassi di compattarsi saldamente, mantenendoli liquidi a temperatura ambiente. L'olio d'oliva, l'olio di mais, l'olio di canola e l'olio di fegato di merluzzo sono esempi di grassi insaturi. I grassi insaturi aiutano ad abbassare i livelli di colesterolo nel sangue; mentre i grassi saturi contribuiscono alla formazione di placche nelle arterie.

Grassi trans

L’industria alimentare idrogena artificialmente gli oli per renderli semisolidi e di consistenza desiderabile per molti prodotti alimentari trasformati. Durante questo processo, i doppi legami della conformazione cis– nella catena idrocarburica possono convertirsi in doppi legami nella conformazione trans–.

La margarina, alcuni tipi di burro di arachidi e il burro sono esempi di grassi trans idrogenati artificialmente. Studi recenti hanno dimostrato che un aumento dei grassi trans nella dieta umana può portare a livelli più elevati di lipoproteine a bassa densità (LDL), o colesterolo “cattivo”, che a sua volta può portare alla deposizione di placche nelle arterie, con conseguenti malattie cardiache.

Acidi grassi Omega

Gli acidi grassi essenziali sono quelli che il corpo umano richiede ma non sintetizza. Di conseguenza, devono essere integrati tramite l'ingestione tramite la dieta. Gli acidi grassi Omega-3 rientrano in questa categoria e sono uno degli unici due conosciuti per l'uomo (l'altro è l'acido grasso omega-6). Questi sono acidi grassi polinsaturi e sono omega-3 perché un doppio legame collega il terzo carbonio dall’estremità della catena idrocarburica al carbonio vicino.

L'acido alfa-linolenico è un esempio di acido grasso omega-3. Ha tre doppi legami cis e, di conseguenza, una forma curva. Salmone, trota e tonno sono buone fonti di acidi grassi omega-3. La ricerca indica che gli acidi grassi omega-3 riducono il rischio di morte improvvisa dovuta ad attacchi cardiaci, abbassano i trigliceridi nel sangue, diminuiscono la pressione sanguigna e prevengono la trombosi inibendo la coagulazione del sangue. Riducono anche l’infiammazione e possono aiutare a ridurre il rischio di alcuni tumori negli animali.

Questo testo è adattato da <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/3-3-lipids">Openstax, Biology 2e, Chapter 3.3: Lipids</a>.

Struttura dei lipidi

I lipidi comprendono un gruppo eterogeneo di composti che sono in gran parte di natura non polare. Questo perché sono idrocarburi che includono per lo più ...

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A. All living things are composed of four basic categories of macromolecules and share the same basic needs for life.

B. Living organisms acquire the energy they need for life processes through various metabolic pathways (primarily photosynthesis and cellular respiration).

C. Chemical reactions in living things follow basic rules of chemistry and are usually regulated by enzymes.

D. The unique chemical properties of carbon and water make life on Earth possible.

How Lipid Molecules Are Built

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