Name: stem cell repair in blood and tissues
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T12:10:36.000Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

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From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.2.1

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Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration

Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can self-renew or differentiate into tissue-specific cells.
Due to the unique properties of these cells, stem cell therapy can be used to regenerate damaged or diseased tissues and organs.
Cancer patients with impaired bone marrow functions, such as those diagnosed with leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma, are often candidates for stem cell therapy.
Bone marrow, a spongy tissue found in the center of large bones, is the main source of hematopoietic or blood-forming stem cells. Without healthy bone marrow, a patient cannot produce blood cells.&#160;
To start stem cell therapy, blood cancer patients are first exposed to high doses of radiation or chemotherapy to destroy cancerous cells &#8212; a conditioning therapy. This may also affect their original stem cells.
Then, hematopoietic stem cells harvested from the patient &#8212; an autologous transplant &#8212; or a healthy matching donor &#8212; an allogeneic transplant &#8212; are infused intravenously into the patient.
Over time, the transplanted stem cells proliferate in the bone marrow and restore the patient&#8217;s ability to produce healthy blood cells.

stem cell therapy for tissue regeneration

Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to&#160;damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them&#160;ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
Types of Stem Cells used in Stem Cell Therapy
The two main cell types that have the potential for use in stem cell therapy are adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, ESCs, derived from the blastocyst, require the sacrifice of embryos, which raises several moral and ethical issues. Hence, adult stem cells, such as hematopoietic (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), are more commonly used for regenerative therapy despite their limited differentiation potential.
HSCs and MSCs are both primarily found in the bone marrow of adults and the umbilical cord blood. While HSCs can differentiate and produce different blood cells, including RBCs and WBCs, MSCs can differentiate into tissues of the heart, liver, muscle, bone, and also some nerves.
Strategies in Stem Cell Therapy
Stem cell therapy is a complex process that requires optimization at each stage. Optimization depends on many factors, such as the source of stem cells, the target tissue, and the recipient&#39;s health condition. For example, intravenously administered HSCs can establish and proliferate in the bone marrow. In contrast, direct administration of stem cells at the target site is more efficient for the local repair of tissues in organs such as the heart, kidney, liver, and muscle. In such tissues, the timing of stem cell introduction also plays a crucial role in determining repair efficiency. When stem cells are administered too early, such as just after the injury occurs, the inflammatory process impairs the proliferation of these stem cells. However, if stem cells are introduced during the repair phase, they are more readily incorporated into the tissue and can proliferate to repair the damage.

Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to&#160;damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Unit 1

Regeneration and Repair

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

stem cell repair in blood and tissues

Stem cell therapy is used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues and organs and help restore function. Stem cells can multiply and change into different tissue types, which makes them useful for tissue repair. One common example is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which is used in blood cancer treatment to replace damaged bone marrow and rebuild healthy blood cells.

Two main stem cell types are used in stem cell therapy: adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells, or ESCs. ESCs come from the blastocyst, so their use requires the sacrifice of embryos and raises moral and ethical concerns. For that reason, adult stem cells are used more often in regenerative therapy, even though they have a more limited ability to form different cell types.

Adult stem cells include hematopoietic stem cells, or HSCs, and mesenchymal stem cells, or MSCs. Both are mainly found in adult bone marrow and umbilical cord blood. HSCs can produce different blood cells, including red blood cells and white blood cells. MSCs can form tissues such as heart, liver, muscle, bone, and some nerves.

Stem cell therapy must be carefully optimized at each stage. The best approach depends on the stem cell source, the target tissue, and the patient’s health condition. HSCs are often given through a vein so they can settle and grow in the bone marrow. For local repair, direct delivery to the target site can work better for organs such as the heart, kidney, liver, and muscle.

Timing also matters in stem cell therapy. If stem cells are given too soon after an injury, inflammation can interfere with their growth. If they are added during the repair phase, they are more likely to join the tissue and help repair the damage.

Stem Cell Repair in Blood and Tissues

overview of regeneration and repair

How Tissues Regrow and Heal After Injury

Regeneration and repair are two ways the body responds to injury, disease, and aging. Regeneration replaces damaged tissue with new growth that restores the original structure and function. Repair usually leaves a fixed tissue pattern and forms a scar. Scars do not usually bring back full tissue function, and the injured area may still look or act abnormal. Animals show very different levels of regeneration. Some, like salamanders, have specialized stem cells that help them regrow fully...

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The liver can repair itself after injury, and this process depends on several specialized liver cells. The liver also has key jobs in metabolism. It stores and redistributes carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins. It also releases bile salts, which help digest food and remove toxic metabolites from the body. The liver contains four major cell types: hepatocytes, stellate cells, Kupffer cells, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hepatocytes are large, polyhedral epithelial cells. They store glycogen,...

Stem cell therapy is used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues and organs and help restore function. Stem cells can multiply and change into different tissue types, which makes them useful for tissue repair. One common example is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which is used in blood cancer treatment to replace damaged bone marrow and rebuild healthy blood cells. Two main stem cell types are used in stem cell therapy: adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells, or ESCs.

introduction to nuclear reprogramming

Nuclear Reprogramming in Cloning and Stem Cells

Nuclear reprogramming changes the gene expression of one cell type to match another cell type. It often shifts a differentiated cell into a more undifferentiated state. This process is important during development, morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be reprogrammed with laboratory methods. These include nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Scientists use these approaches in molecular medicine, biotechnology, and oncology. A classic early...

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How Nuclear Reprogramming Changes Cell Fate

Nuclear reprogramming changes one cell type into another by epigenetic changes that shift gene expression. Epigenetic changes do not alter the DNA sequence itself. Instead, they change which genes a cell turns on or off. This process has uses in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and in regenerative medicine, where patient-specific cells may help with injury repair. A key step in nuclear reprogramming is opening the DNA inside the nucleus so regulatory proteins can reach it. Cells...

cloning of dolly the sheep

How Dolly the Sheep Was Cloned

Dolly the sheep was the first successfully cloned mammal. She was born on 5 July 1996 at the Roslin Institute in Scotland, and her name came from the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years, and she died from respiratory complications. Scientists think her shortened life may have been linked to the age of the DNA used to make her. In cloned cells, the DNA comes from an older individual. Analysis of Dolly’s DNA also showed shorter telomeres than those in other sheep of the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how stem cell therapy supports tissue repair, from blood cancer treatment and bone marrow recovery to adult stem cells, MSCs, and treatment timing.

Stem Cell Repair in Blood and Tissues | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

LS.Bio.2.2

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

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Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

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Stem Cell Repair in Blood and Tissues

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