Name: voltage and current sensing in power grids
Uploaded: 2024-11-21T14:54:34.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

I trasformatori di misura includono trasformatori di tensione e corrente.
L'avvolgimento primario di un trasformatore di corrente ha tipicamente una singola spira o una barra conduttrice, attorno alla quale sono avvolte più spire dell'avvolgimento secondario.
L'elevata corrente che scorre attraverso l'avvolgimento primario induce una corrente ridotta nell'avvolgimento secondario. L'avvolgimento secondario è generalmente collegato in serie ai dispositivi di misura a impedenza zero per consentire il massimo flusso di corrente. 
Le prestazioni di un trasformatore di corrente si basano sulla replica accurata della corrente primaria senza saturazione che causa errori. Tuttavia, i trasformatori di corrente possono perdere parte della corrente per deviare l'impedenza di eccitazione.
Consideriamo ora i trasformatori di tensione, costituiti da un avvolgimento primario avente un numero maggiore di avvolgimenti rispetto all'avvolgimento secondario.
L'avvolgimento secondario è collegato in parallelo a un dispositivo di rilevamento della tensione ad alta impedenza, garantendo un trasferimento di tensione accurato.
Per la protezione, i trasformatori di tensione sono modellati come ideali, producendo una rappresentazione in scala ridotta e in fase della tensione primaria. 
Tuttavia, i trasformatori di tensione subiscono piccole cadute di tensione e sfasamenti.

trasformatori di misura

I trasformatori di misura, che comprendono trasformatori di tensione (TT) e trasformatori di corrente (TC), svolgono un ruolo cruciale nelle sottostazioni elettriche, fornendo repliche isolate di corrente o tensione per scopi di misurazione e protezione. I trasformatori di tensione riducono la tensione primaria a livelli adatti al funzionamento e alla misurazione dei relè, mentre i trasformatori di corrente riducono la corrente primaria. L'avvolgimento primario di un trasformatore di corrente spesso è costituito da una singola spira, ottenuta infilando il conduttore primario del sistema di alimentazione attraverso il suo nucleo, sebbene alcune applicazioni possano richiedere più spire primarie.

Per scopi di protezione, i trasformatori di tensione sono idealmente progettati per produrre una rappresentazione in scala ridotta e in fase della tensione primaria. Il secondario di un trasformatore di tensione dovrebbe collegarsi a un dispositivo di rilevamento della tensione ad alta impedenza, assicurando che l'intera tensione secondaria appaia attraverso il dispositivo di rilevamento. Al contrario, il secondario di un trasformatore di corrente dovrebbe collegarsi a un dispositivo di rilevamento della corrente a bassa impedenza, consentendo all'intera corrente secondaria di fluire attraverso il dispositivo di rilevamento.

Nelle applicazioni pratiche, i trasformatori di tensione possono subire cadute di tensione e differenze di angolo di fase tra i lati primario e secondario. Analogamente, nei trasformatori di corrente, una parte della corrente può essere divisa tra il dispositivo di rilevamento a bassa impedenza e l'impedenza di eccitazione del ramo parallelo del trasformatore. Le prestazioni di un trasformatore di corrente dipendono in larga misura dalla sua capacità di riprodurre accuratamente la corrente primaria senza errori significativi o effetti di saturazione.

Questi trasformatori sono essenziali per il funzionamento accurato di relè di protezione e dispositivi di misurazione, garantendo il funzionamento sicuro e affidabile dei sistemi di alimentazione. Riducendo le alte tensioni e correnti, i trasformatori di misura consentono il monitoraggio e il controllo dei parametri elettrici entro intervalli gestibili, mantenendo la stabilità e la protezione del sistema.

Trasformatori di misura

I trasformatori di misura includono trasformatori di tensione e corrente.
L'avvolgimento primario di un trasformatore di corrente ha tipicamente un singolo giro o un ...

Education

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Electrical Engineering

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Instrument Transformers

voltage and current sensing in power grids

Instrument transformers help power substations measure voltage and current safely. They create isolated replicas of electrical signals for measurement and protection. These devices support protective relays and other monitoring equipment that keep power systems stable and reliable.

The two main types are voltage transformers, or VTs, and current transformers, or CTs. A voltage transformer reduces the primary voltage to a lower level that relays and measuring devices can use. A current transformer scales down the primary current in the same way.

A current transformer often uses a single-turn primary winding. In many cases, the power conductor is simply threaded through the core to act as that turn. Some applications need multiple primary turns instead.

For protection, a voltage transformer should produce a scaled-down secondary voltage that stays in phase with the primary voltage. Its secondary should connect to a high-impedance voltage-sensing device. That setup lets the full secondary voltage appear across the sensing device.

A current transformer works differently. Its secondary should connect to a low-impedance current-sensing device so the full secondary current flows through the device. In practice, some current can split between the sensing device and the transformer’s shunt excitation impedance. VTs can also show voltage drops and phase-angle differences between the primary and secondary sides.

Current transformer performance depends on how well it reproduces the primary current without large errors or saturation. By reducing very high voltages and currents to manageable levels, instrument transformers let engineers monitor electrical values and protect the power system.

Voltage and Current Sensing in Power Grids

voltage-and-current-sensing-in-power-grids

instrument transformers

Instrument transformers help power substations measure voltage and current safely. They create isolated replicas of electrical signals for measurement and protection. These devices support protective relays and other monitoring equipment that keep power systems stable and reliable. The two main types are voltage transformers, or VTs, and current transformers, or CTs. A voltage transformer reduces the primary voltage to a lower level that relays and measuring devices can use. A current...

overcurrent relays

Relay Settings for Circuit Fault Protection

Overcurrent relays protect circuits by sensing excess current through the secondary side of a current transformer. They are an important part of circuit protection and help keep power systems stable when a fault occurs. Two main relay types are used here: instantaneous and time-delay overcurrent relays. An instantaneous relay trips right away when current rises above the pickup current, which is the preset level that starts the relay. It then energizes the circuit breaker trip coil at once,...

radial system protection

Breaker Coordination in Radial Systems

Breaker coordination in radial systems uses time-delay overcurrent relays to limit load interruption. When a fault happens, the nearest breaker should open first. Upstream breakers stay closed because they are set with longer delays. This lets the fault be isolated while the rest of the system keeps running. If a fault is downstream of the third breaker, only the third breaker should trip. That removes power from the load beyond the fault. The second breaker keeps a longer delay setting, so...

reclosers and fuses

Fault Coordination with Reclosers and Fuses

Fault coordination with reclosers and fuses helps protect radial distribution circuits. A recloser is an automatic switch that interrupts AC power and then closes again on a preset schedule. This brief outage can clear temporary faults on overhead lines, such as those caused by tree limbs or wildlife, and it can improve overall reliability. Reclosers and their ground-level hazards also matter. Contact with a recloser or with a broken energized conductor on the ground can be dangerous. That is...

directional relays

Directional Relays in Power System Protection

Directional relays help protect power systems by telling forward faults from reverse faults. They are used when fault current flows mainly in one direction on a line. This makes the relay useful for safe and efficient fault clearing. On a protected line, a fault downstream, or to the right of the current transformer, usually makes the fault current lag the bus voltage by about 90 degrees. This is called the forward direction. A fault upstream, or to the left, may make the fault current lead...

zones of protection

Power System Protection Zones

Power system protection zones divide the network into sections so faults can be isolated quickly. These zones can include generators, transformers, buses, transmission lines, distribution lines, and motors. Each zone is shown with closed dashed lines and contains one or more components. Circuit breakers are placed at the borders where protection zones meet. If a fault happens in one zone, the related breakers open and disconnect only that section. A fault in one area, such as a kitchen in the...

line protection with impedance relays

Impedance Relays for Fault Detection

Impedance relays help protect power lines by watching the voltage-to-current ratio on a line. They measure the apparent impedance, which is the electrical opposition the relay sees at that point in the system. This makes them useful when time-delay overcurrent relays are hard to coordinate in complex radial systems and when directional overcurrent relays are difficult to use in multi-source transmission loops. These relays respond strongly during a fault. As current rises and voltage falls,...

differential relays

Differential Relay Protection in Power Systems

Differential relays protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing currents at different points in a power system. When the currents do not match, the relay detects the difference and opens the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering a generator, i1, equals the current leaving it, i2. If a fault occurs, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows through the relay operating coil to trip the relay. An electromechanical differential relay is...

pilot and numeric relaying

Pilot Relays and Digital Protection

Pilot relays and numeric relays help protect power systems. Pilot relaying is a form of differential protection, which compares electrical quantities at equipment terminals through a communication channel instead of a direct relay link. It is especially useful for transmission lines with terminals far apart, often up to 80 km on 69 to 115 kV lines. Pilot relaying can use several communication channels. Pilot wires are separate electrical circuits that operate at DC, 50 to 60 Hz, or audio...

key terms and concepts

Explore how voltage transformers and current transformers scale high power-grid signals for safe measurement, relay operation, and system protection.

Voltage and Current Sensing in Power Grids | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Electrical Engineering offers easy-to-understand animated videos that cover fundamental concepts of electric circuits along with circuit analysis techniques. It incorporates first-order and second-order circuits using operational amplifiers and circuit transformation concepts. The inclusion of practical design examples and real-world applications through scientist-in-action videos adds significant educational value, making complex concepts accessible.

electrical engineering

Voltage and Current Sensing in Power Grids

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