Name: wind turbine types and generator control
Uploaded: 2024-11-21T14:54:38.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Earth Systems Science

112.49.c.12.

112.49.c.12.E.

Wind Turbine Machine Models

Esistono quattro tipi di turbine eoliche. I tipi 1 e 2 sono modelli di macchine a induzione, in cui gli avvolgimenti dello statore inducono correnti del rotore CA attraverso il movimento relativo tra il campo magnetico e il rotore.
La differenza tra la velocità sincrona per unità e quella del rotore è quantificata come slittamento.
Questo modello include una tensione equivalente dietro la resistenza dello statore e la reattanza transitoria.
Le condizioni iniziali di stabilità transitoria sono determinate impostando due equazioni differenziali su zero e utilizzando come input il flusso di potenza, l'iniezione di potenza reale e la tensione terminale.
La potenza reattiva negativa prodotta indica il consumo di energia da parte delle macchine a induzione.
Le turbine di tipo 1 sono dotate di un rotore a gabbia di scoiattolo a resistenza fissa, mentre il tipo 2 impiega macchine a induzione a rotore avvolto con un sistema di controllo per regolare la resistenza del rotore.
Le turbine eoliche di tipo 3, note anche come generatori asincroni a doppia alimentazione, utilizzano macchine a induzione a rotore avvolto.
Gli avvolgimenti del rotore si collegano alla rete CA tramite un convertitore AC-DC-AC, consentendo il controllo separato della potenza reale e reattiva.
Le turbine di tipo 4 utilizzano un design completamente asincrono in cui l'uscita della macchina si collega alla rete CA tramite un convertitore AC-DC-AC.

stabilità transitoria e controlli di sistema

Nel campo in espansione dell'energia eolica, è essenziale incorporare modelli di turbine eoliche nell'analisi della stabilità transitoria. Le macchine a induzione e macchine sincrone sono i modelli principali utilizzati, con le macchine a induzione che prevalgono per la loro semplicità e affidabilità.

Le macchine a induzione interagiscono attraverso il campo magnetico rotante generato dallo statore e dal rotore. Il parametro chiave è lo scorrimento, che è la differenza tra la velocità sincrona e la velocità del rotore rispetto alla velocità sincrona. Lo scorrimento è zero alla velocità sincrona, positivo durante la propulsione e negativo durante la generazione. La dinamica meccanica coinvolge la costante di inerzia (H) e la differenza di coppia (T_m−T_e). 

Un modello elettrico semplificato per una macchina a induzione a gabbia singola rappresenta la tensione equivalente dietro la resistenza dello statore e la reattanza transitoria. I parametri chiave includono la costante di tempo a circuito aperto per il rotore e la reattanza sincrona derivata dalla reattanza di dispersione e dalla reattanza magnetizzante.

La coppia elettrica e l'iniezione di potenza reale terminale sono determinate dalle tensioni e dalle correnti interne della macchina. Le macchine a induzione in genere consumano potenza reattiva, indicata da un valore negativo.

I modelli di turbine eoliche possono essere di quattro tipi diversi:

Tipo 1 e Tipo 2: Questi modelli utilizzano generatori a induzione. Il Tipo 1 ha una resistenza del rotore fissa, mentre il Tipo 2 utilizza una resistenza del rotore variabile per un controllo migliore, influenzando la costante di tempo e la potenza in uscita della macchina.

Tipo 3 e Tipo 4: Questi modelli avanzati (generatori asincroni a doppia alimentazione e sistemi di conversione completi) consentono il controllo sia della potenza reale che reattiva. Il Tipo 3 utilizza convertitori per il controllo della corrente del rotore, fornendo un'ampia gamma di velocità. Il Tipo 4 disaccoppia il generatore dalla rete, offrendo un controllo flessibile ed eliminando l'accoppiamento meccanico con la dinamica della turbina.

Per comprendere i modelli delle turbine eoliche è necessario analizzare l'interazione dei componenti elettrici e meccanici per un'analisi accurata della stabilità.

Stabilità transitoria e controlli di sistema

Esistono quattro tipi di turbine eoliche. I tipi 1 e 2 sono modelli di macchine a induzione, in cui gli avvolgimenti dello statore inducono correnti del rotore CA ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

Ingegneria elettrica

Unit 1

Unità 1

Transient Stability and System Controls

Stabilità Transitoria e Controlli di Sistema

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

wind turbine types and generator control

Wind turbine machine models are used to study how wind turbines behave in transient stability analysis. In this setting, induction machines and synchronous machines are the main model types. Induction machines are common because they are simple and reliable.

Induction machines work through the rotating magnetic field made by the stator and rotor. A key term is slip, which is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed. Slip is zero at synchronous speed, positive during motoring, and negative during generating.

The mechanical side of the model uses the inertia constant, H, and the torque difference between mechanical torque, Tm, and electrical torque, Te. A simplified single-cage induction machine model shows an equivalent voltage behind stator resistance and transient reactance. Other important parameters include the rotor open-circuit time constant and the synchronous reactance, which comes from leakage reactance and magnetizing reactance.

Electrical torque and terminal real power injection depend on the machine’s internal voltages and currents. Induction machines usually consume reactive power, so this value is negative. Wind turbine models are grouped into four types, and each type handles control in a different way.

Type 1 and Type 2 models use induction generators. Type 1 has fixed rotor resistance. Type 2 uses variable rotor resistance, which improves control and changes the machine time constant and power output. Type 3 and Type 4 are more advanced. Type 3 is a doubly-fed asynchronous generator that uses converters to control rotor current and supports a wide speed range. Type 4 is a full converter system that decouples the generator from the grid, gives flexible real and reactive power control, and removes the mechanical link to turbine dynamics.

Wind Turbine Types and Generator Control

the swing equation

Generator Rotor Motion and the Swing Equation

Generator rotor motion is described by the Swing Equation in power system dynamics. It is used to study generating units such as three-phase synchronous generators. The equation comes from Newton’s second law applied to the generator rotor. It links inertia, angular acceleration, and the balance between mechanical and electrical torques. In steady-state operation, the mechanical torque supplied to the generator is equal to the electrical torque produced by the generator. When these torques...

simplified synchronous machine model

Transient Stability in Synchronous Generators

The synchronous machine model helps students analyze transient stability in power systems. It represents a synchronous generator under balanced three-phase positive-sequence conditions. The model assumes constant excitation and ignores losses and saturation. These simplifications make it easier to study how a generator behaves during a disturbance. In this setup, the generator is connected to a network of transmission lines, transformers, loads, and other machines. That larger system is often...

multimachine stability

Power-System Stability in Multi-Machine Networks

Power-system stability in multi-machine networks focuses on how several synchronous machines behave as they stay connected to an N-bus power system. The analysis solves the swing equations for the machines and tracks how the network responds when conditions change. It is used to study transient stability, which is the system’s ability to stay in step after a disturbance. The network is written with nodal equations that link bus voltages, machine voltages, and machine currents. In this model, V...

wind turbine machine models

Wind turbine machine models are used to study how wind turbines behave in transient stability analysis. In this setting, induction machines and synchronous machines are the main model types. Induction machines are common because they are simple and reliable. Induction machines work through the rotating magnetic field made by the stator and rotor. A key term is slip, which is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed. Slip is zero at synchronous...

generator voltage control

Voltage Regulation in Generators and Wind Turbines

Generator voltage regulation helps keep synchronous generators and wind turbines working stably. Older systems use a DC generator driven by the rotor to supply DC power to the rotor field winding. That power is passed through slip rings and brushes. Newer systems use static exciters or brushless exciters. A static exciter rectifies AC power from the generator terminals and sends DC power directly to the rotor. A brushless exciter uses an inverted synchronous generator, takes AC power from...

turbine-governor control

How Turbine Governors Stabilize Power Output

Turbine-governor control helps keep generator frequency and rotor speed stable when electrical load changes. It does this by matching turbine mechanical power with the power demand on the system. In a power grid, that balance is important for steady operation. Turbine-generator units also store kinetic energy because their parts are rotating. When load increases, that stored energy is released to help meet the demand. At first, electrical torque rises while mechanical torque stays nearly...

load-frequency control

Load-frequency control in power grids

Load-frequency control keeps a power grid stable when electrical demand changes. It helps keep system frequency and power flow within acceptable limits. Turbine-governor control reduces rotor speed changes after a load shift, but a steady-state frequency error can still remain when the turbine-governor reference setting does not change. In an interconnected power system, each area agrees to export or import a scheduled amount of power through tie-lines, which are the transmission lines that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how wind turbine models use induction and synchronous machines, slip, torque, and converter control to explain Types 1–4 and grid behavior.

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Wind Turbine Types and Generator Control

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