Name: shotcrete for vertical and overhead surfaces
Uploaded: 2024-11-07T14:48:35.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

Il calcestruzzo proiettato consiste nell'irrorazione di malta o di piccoli aggregati di calcestruzzo ricco di malta attraverso un tubo flessibile ad alta velocità su una superficie tipicamente rinforzata.
L'impatto del getto ad alta velocità sulla superficie compatta il materiale, facilitandone l'adesione a superfici verticali o sopraelevate.
Il calcestruzzo proiettato viene spruzzato e stratificato in modo incrementale per raggiungere uno spessore di circa 4 pollici. L'abilità dell'operatore nella gestione dell'ugello è fondamentale per garantire la qualità del calcestruzzo proiettato. 
L'applicazione del calcestruzzo proiettato con il metodo della miscela secca comporta inizialmente la miscelazione del cemento e dell'aggregato umido, quindi l'alimentazione della miscela in un alimentatore e la sua spinta attraverso un tubo flessibile utilizzando un flusso di aria compressa.
Al raggiungimento dell'ugello di erogazione, l'acqua in pressione viene iniettata nella miscela secca, trasformandola in calcestruzzo bagnato pronto per essere spruzzato.
Nel processo di calcestruzzo proiettato a umido, gli ingredienti secchi e l'acqua vengono miscelati prima di essere caricati nell'attrezzatura di consegna.
Questa miscela umida viene quindi trasportata pneumaticamente attraverso un tubo flessibile e, in corrispondenza dell'ugello di mandata, viene introdotta aria compressa per aumentare la velocità di proiezione della miscela.

calcestruzzo spruzzato

Il calcestruzzo spruzzato è una tecnica specializzata in cui malta o calcestruzzo avente piccoli aggregati e ricco di cemento viene spruzzato su una superficie ad alta velocità. La forza dell'impatto compatta il materiale e gli consente di aderire alle aree verticali o sopraelevate senza cedere. La tecnica prevede la stratificazione del calcestruzzo spruzzato in più fasi fino a raggiungere circa 10 centimetri di spessore. L'abilità dell'operatore nella gestione degli ugelli è fondamentale per la qualità finale del calcestruzzo spruzzato. Il calcestruzzo spruzzato viene utilizzato nella costruzione di rivestimenti di tunnel, coperture e tetti piani, serbatoi in calcestruzzo precompresso, stabilizzazione di pendii, costruzione di piscine e ripristino di strutture in calcestruzzo deteriorate.


 Esistono due metodi principali per applicare il calcestruzzo spruzzato, vale a dire, miscela secca e miscela umida. Il metodo della miscela secca inizia combinando cemento con aggregato umido. Questa miscela viene quindi inserita in un alimentatore e spinta attraverso un tubo flessibile da aria compressa. Quando arriva all'ugello di distribuzione, acqua pressurizzata viene aggiunta alla miscela secca, trasformandola in calcestruzzo umido che viene quindi spruzzato sulla struttura. Al contrario, il processo di miscela umida prevede la premiscelazione di tutti gli ingredienti, inclusa l'acqua, prima del caricamento nel sistema di distribuzione. Questo calcestruzzo umido premiscelato viene convogliato pneumaticamente attraverso un tubo flessibile all'ugello, dove viene iniettata aria compressa per aumentare la forza con cui il calcestruzzo spruzzato viene applicato alla superficie.

Calcestruzzo spruzzato

Il calcestruzzo proiettato prevede la spruzzatura di malta o di un piccolo aggregato di calcestruzzo ricco di malta attraverso un tubo ad alta velocità su una superficie che è tipicamente 
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Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

Ingegneria Civile

Unit 1

Unità 1

Mixing, Placing and Curing Concrete 

Miscelazione, posa e stagionatura del calcestruzzo

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

Shotcrete

shotcrete for vertical and overhead surfaces

Shotcrete is a concrete spraying method used on vertical and overhead surfaces. It uses mortar or small aggregate concrete with a high cement content. The material is sprayed at high velocity, and the impact helps compact it so it can cling without sagging.

Builders place shotcrete in layers until it reaches about 4 inches thick. The quality depends strongly on the operator’s skill in managing the nozzle. Careful nozzle control helps the material land evenly and build up properly.

Shotcrete is used for tunnel linings, shell and flat roofs, pre-stressed concrete tanks, slope stabilization, swimming pools, and repairing damaged concrete structures. These uses show why the method is useful for both new construction and restoration.

There are two main application methods: dry mix and wet mix. In dry mix, cement is first combined with moist aggregate, then sent through a hose by compressed air. Water is added at the nozzle, which turns the mix into wet concrete just before it is sprayed.

In wet mix, all ingredients, including water, are blended before they enter the delivery system. The pre-mixed wet concrete is moved pneumatically through a hose to the nozzle. There, compressed air is injected to increase the force of application onto the surface.

Shotcrete for Vertical and Overhead Surfaces

shotcrete-for-vertical-and-overhead-surfaces

mixing concrete

Concrete Mixer Types and Capacity

Concrete mixing creates a uniform blend of cement, aggregates, and paste. The goal is to coat the aggregates evenly with cement paste. Mixers used for this job are usually grouped into two main types: batch mixers and continuous mixers. Batch mixers handle one load at a time. They mix the materials thoroughly, discharge the batch, and then receive the next one. Continuous mixers work differently. They take in a steady flow of ingredients, mix them at a constant rate, and discharge the concrete...

mixing time

Concrete Mixer Charging and Timing

Concrete mixer charging and timing are key to making a uniform concrete mix with the needed strength. Mixing begins only after all ingredients are inside the mixer. The usual charging order starts with 10% of the water, then the solid materials are added steadily, followed by 80% of the water. The last portion of water is added later, within the first quarter of the total mixing period. The minimum mixing time depends on mixer capacity. Mixers with up to 1 cubic yard of capacity need at least...

ready mixed concrete

How Ready-Mixed Concrete Is Delivered

Ready-mixed concrete is prepared at a centralized plant and then delivered by truck to a construction site. It arrives ready for placement, which makes it different from concrete mixed entirely on site. Ready-mixed concrete includes three main forms: central-mixed, truck-mixed, and shrink-mixed. Central-mixed concrete is fully mixed at the plant and carried to the site in agitator trucks. These trucks rotate at 2 to 6 rpm, which helps keep the concrete in motion during transport. Truck-mixed...

pumped concrete

Concrete Pumping for Hard-to-Reach Sites

Concrete pumping moves large amounts of concrete through pipes to places that are hard to reach. It is used for sites such as deep foundation pits and other inaccessible locations. The system includes a hopper, a pump, and pipelines that carry the concrete to the placement point. Direct-acting pumps use a piston to move the concrete. Concrete enters the pump through the inlet valve by gravity and by suction created as the piston moves. The forward movement of the piston then pushes the...

placing concrete

Concrete Placement Methods and Compaction

Concrete placement methods focus on keeping the mix in a uniform shape and position. The concrete is placed as close as possible to its final location to reduce segregation, which is the separation of ingredients. It is then fully compacted to remove trapped air. The next layer is added while the layer below is still plastic, or soft enough to shape. The rate of placing and compacting concrete is kept equal. Concrete is laid in uniform layers, and hand shoveling is avoided. Moving concrete...

vibrating concrete

Concrete Compaction with Vibrators

Concrete compaction with vibrators helps newly poured concrete settle inside formwork and around reinforcement bars. The goal is to remove trapped air pockets and create a dense concrete mass. Mechanical vibration is a key part of that process. One common method uses an internal vibrator, also called a poker vibrator or immersion vibrator. It is quickly inserted through the full depth of the fresh concrete and slightly into the layer below, which is still in a plastic state. The vibrator is...

shotcrete

Shotcrete is a concrete spraying method used on vertical and overhead surfaces. It uses mortar or small aggregate concrete with a high cement content. The material is sprayed at high velocity, and the impact helps compact it so it can cling without sagging. Builders place shotcrete in layers until it reaches about 4 inches thick. The quality depends strongly on the operator’s skill in managing the nozzle. Careful nozzle control helps the material land evenly and build up properly. Shotcrete...

preplaced aggregate concrete

Concrete Placement for Tight Spaces

Preplaced aggregate concrete is used when a construction site is hard to reach. The process starts by wetting gap-graded coarse aggregates. This helps remove dirt from the stones. The aggregates are then placed in the form and compacted. Next, a mortar mix is pumped under pressure through slotted pipes to fill the spaces between the aggregates. The mortar usually contains Portland cement, pozzolan, fine aggregates, water, and a fluidizing aid. The pozzolan reduces bleeding and segregation and...

finishing concrete

Concrete Surface Finishing Steps

Concrete surface finishing begins right after the concrete has been placed and consolidated. The first step is screeding, which levels the surface by removing extra material until it is even with the top of the formwork. A screed is a straight edge used for this leveling step. After screeding, a bull float or darby is used to smooth the surface further. These tools help lower high spots, fill low areas, and push larger aggregate particles deeper into the concrete. This preparation should...

curing of concrete

How Curing Improves Concrete Strength

Curing helps concrete gain strength after it has set. It keeps the concrete moist and at the right temperature so cement hydration can continue. Hydration is the process where cement reacts with water in the water-filled capillary pores and forms the products that fill spaces in the paste. Dry air can interrupt this process by pulling water from the concrete surface. Concrete with a water-cement ratio below 0.5 can also lose water through self-desiccation, which means internal water is used up...

curing methods

Concrete Curing for Moisture Retention

Concrete curing for moisture retention helps fresh concrete keep the water it needs as it hardens. For members with a small surface-to-volume ratio, the forms are often oiled and moistened before the concrete is placed. These forms may stay in place for a long time to reduce moisture loss. If the form material can be wetted, it can also be kept damp. When forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and then covered with polythene sheets. Large horizontal concrete surfaces in dry...

accelerated curing of concrete

How Concrete Gains Strength Faster

Concrete can gain strength faster when heat and extra moisture speed up cement hydration. This faster hydration helps the concrete build early strength sooner than normal curing. The process is used when quicker hardening is needed after casting. One common method is steam curing. Concrete products may move through a chamber on a conveyor belt, or they may be encased in plastic so steam at atmospheric pressure can circulate around them. Steam curing starts with moist curing for about 3 to 5...

key terms and concepts

Learn how shotcrete is sprayed onto vertical and overhead surfaces, how dry mix and wet mix methods work, and where this concrete technique is used.

Shotcrete for Vertical and Overhead Surfaces | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering provides a foundational exploration of essential construction materials in civil engineering, focusing on bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete through easy-to-understand animated videos. This collection covers the properties, manufacturing processes, and practical applications of these materials. Additionally, the accompanied science-in-action videos demonstrate the research experiments performed in laboratories.

civil engineering

Shotcrete for Vertical and Overhead Surfaces

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