Name: concrete placement for tight spaces
Uploaded: 2024-11-07T14:48:35.000Z
Duration: 1 min 29 s
Channel: JoVE

Il calcestruzzo aggregato sostituito viene prodotto posizionando inizialmente un aggregato grossolano classificato con gap grade che è sufficientemente umido all'interno della cassaforma e compattandolo.
I vuoti rimanenti, che costituiscono circa un terzo del volume totale, vengono quindi riempiti con malta composta da cemento Portland, pozzolana, aggregati fini, acqua e un coadiuvante fluidificante.
In alternativa, è possibile utilizzare una malta cementizia e sabbia fine, miscelata in un miscelatore colloidale ad alta velocità.
La malta viene introdotta sotto pressione attraverso tubi scanalati di circa 1,5 pollici di diametro distanziati a intervalli regolari. I tubi vengono quindi rimossi gradualmente man mano che il livello della malta sale.
Le vibrazioni esterne al livello superiore della malta possono migliorare la finitura delle superfici esposte.
Il calcestruzzo aggregato sostituito mostra uniformità con segregazione ridotta e viene utilizzato nella costruzione di scudi nucleari e progetti subacquei.
Anche le strutture di contenimento dell'acqua, i grandi blocchi monolitici e le opere di riparazione utilizzano calcestruzzo aggregato preposto grazie al suo basso ritiro e alla ridotta permeabilità.
Nei grandi progetti di costruzione, prima di applicare la malta, la circolazione dell'acqua refrigerata attorno agli aggregati controlla il calore di idratazione e, in condizioni di freddo, la circolazione del vapore riscalda gli aggregati.

calcestruzzo con aggregati pre-posizionati

Il calcestruzzo con aggregati pre-posizionati è ideale per gli ambienti di costruzione non facilmente accessibili. Il processo inizia bagnando adeguatamente gli aggregati grossolani a granulometria discontinua per rimuovere lo sporco, per quindi posizionarli nella cassaforma e compattandoli. I vuoti vengono riempiti con una miscela di malta pompata sotto pressione attraverso tubi scanalati. Questa malta è in genere composta da cemento Portland, pozzolana, aggregati fini, acqua e un coadiuvante fluidificante. La pozzolana aiuta a ridurre l’essudazione e la segregazione migliorando al contempo la fluidità della malta, mentre il coadiuvante fluidificante ritarda l'indurimento della malta. Viene utilizzata anche una malta di cemento e sabbia fine. Questa viene preparata in un miscelatore colloidale ad alta velocità per mantenere il cemento sospeso fino al pompaggio della malta. Man mano che la malta sale verso l'alto, il tubo viene gradualmente ritirato. L'applicazione di vibrazioni esterne allo strato superiore della malta può migliorare la finitura delle superfici esposte.


 Il calcestruzzo con aggregati pre-posizionati è preferito per la sua uniformità e il rischio ridotto di segregazione, essenziale per la costruzione di scudi nucleari e progetti sottomarini. Grazie al suo basso ritiro e permeabilità, il calcestruzzo pre-posizionato è utilizzato in strutture di contenimento dell'acqua, grandi blocchi monolitici e lavori di riparazione. Nelle costruzioni su larga scala, l'acqua refrigerata viene fatta circolare attorno agli aggregati prima di aggiungere la malta per controllare il calore provocato durante l'idratazione del cemento. Al contrario, quando fa freddo, viene fatto circolare del vapore al fine di prevenire danni da gelo.

Calcestruzzo con Aggregati Pre-posizionati

Il calcestruzzo aggregato sostituito viene prodotto posizionando inizialmente un aggregato grossolano classificato con gap grade che è sufficientemente umido all'interno della cassaforma e compattandolo.
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Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

Ingegneria Civile

Unit 1

Unità 1

Mixing, Placing and Curing Concrete 

Miscelazione, posa e stagionatura del calcestruzzo

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

Preplaced Aggregate Concrete

concrete placement for tight spaces

Preplaced aggregate concrete is used when a construction site is hard to reach. The process starts by wetting gap-graded coarse aggregates. This helps remove dirt from the stones. The aggregates are then placed in the form and compacted.

Next, a mortar mix is pumped under pressure through slotted pipes to fill the spaces between the aggregates. The mortar usually contains Portland cement, pozzolan, fine aggregates, water, and a fluidizing aid. The pozzolan reduces bleeding and segregation and also improves mortar flow. The fluidizing aid delays the setting of the mortar.

A cement and fine sand mortar can also be used. It is mixed in a high-speed colloid mixer so the cement stays suspended until pumping. As the mortar rises to the top, the pipe is slowly withdrawn. External vibration can be applied to the top layer to improve the finish of the exposed surface.

This method is valued for its uniformity and its lower risk of segregation. That makes it useful for nuclear shields and underwater projects. Its low shrinkage and low permeability also support water-retaining structures, large monolithic blocks, and repair work. In large-scale construction, refrigerated water may be circulated around the aggregates to limit heat from cement hydration. In cold conditions, steam may be circulated to help prevent frost damage.

Concrete Placement for Tight Spaces

mixing concrete

Concrete Mixer Types and Capacity

Concrete mixing creates a uniform blend of cement, aggregates, and paste. The goal is to coat the aggregates evenly with cement paste. Mixers used for this job are usually grouped into two main types: batch mixers and continuous mixers. Batch mixers handle one load at a time. They mix the materials thoroughly, discharge the batch, and then receive the next one. Continuous mixers work differently. They take in a steady flow of ingredients, mix them at a constant rate, and discharge the concrete...

mixing time

Concrete Mixer Charging and Timing

Concrete mixer charging and timing are key to making a uniform concrete mix with the needed strength. Mixing begins only after all ingredients are inside the mixer. The usual charging order starts with 10% of the water, then the solid materials are added steadily, followed by 80% of the water. The last portion of water is added later, within the first quarter of the total mixing period. The minimum mixing time depends on mixer capacity. Mixers with up to 1 cubic yard of capacity need at least...

ready mixed concrete

How Ready-Mixed Concrete Is Delivered

Ready-mixed concrete is prepared at a centralized plant and then delivered by truck to a construction site. It arrives ready for placement, which makes it different from concrete mixed entirely on site. Ready-mixed concrete includes three main forms: central-mixed, truck-mixed, and shrink-mixed. Central-mixed concrete is fully mixed at the plant and carried to the site in agitator trucks. These trucks rotate at 2 to 6 rpm, which helps keep the concrete in motion during transport. Truck-mixed...

pumped concrete

Concrete Pumping for Hard-to-Reach Sites

Concrete pumping moves large amounts of concrete through pipes to places that are hard to reach. It is used for sites such as deep foundation pits and other inaccessible locations. The system includes a hopper, a pump, and pipelines that carry the concrete to the placement point. Direct-acting pumps use a piston to move the concrete. Concrete enters the pump through the inlet valve by gravity and by suction created as the piston moves. The forward movement of the piston then pushes the...

placing concrete

Concrete Placement Methods and Compaction

Concrete placement methods focus on keeping the mix in a uniform shape and position. The concrete is placed as close as possible to its final location to reduce segregation, which is the separation of ingredients. It is then fully compacted to remove trapped air. The next layer is added while the layer below is still plastic, or soft enough to shape. The rate of placing and compacting concrete is kept equal. Concrete is laid in uniform layers, and hand shoveling is avoided. Moving concrete...

vibrating concrete

Concrete Compaction with Vibrators

Concrete compaction with vibrators helps newly poured concrete settle inside formwork and around reinforcement bars. The goal is to remove trapped air pockets and create a dense concrete mass. Mechanical vibration is a key part of that process. One common method uses an internal vibrator, also called a poker vibrator or immersion vibrator. It is quickly inserted through the full depth of the fresh concrete and slightly into the layer below, which is still in a plastic state. The vibrator is...

shotcrete

Shotcrete for Vertical and Overhead Surfaces

Shotcrete is a concrete spraying method used on vertical and overhead surfaces. It uses mortar or small aggregate concrete with a high cement content. The material is sprayed at high velocity, and the impact helps compact it so it can cling without sagging. Builders place shotcrete in layers until it reaches about 4 inches thick. The quality depends strongly on the operator’s skill in managing the nozzle. Careful nozzle control helps the material land evenly and build up properly. Shotcrete...

preplaced aggregate concrete

Preplaced aggregate concrete is used when a construction site is hard to reach. The process starts by wetting gap-graded coarse aggregates. This helps remove dirt from the stones. The aggregates are then placed in the form and compacted. Next, a mortar mix is pumped under pressure through slotted pipes to fill the spaces between the aggregates. The mortar usually contains Portland cement, pozzolan, fine aggregates, water, and a fluidizing aid. The pozzolan reduces bleeding and segregation and...

finishing concrete

Concrete Surface Finishing Steps

Concrete surface finishing begins right after the concrete has been placed and consolidated. The first step is screeding, which levels the surface by removing extra material until it is even with the top of the formwork. A screed is a straight edge used for this leveling step. After screeding, a bull float or darby is used to smooth the surface further. These tools help lower high spots, fill low areas, and push larger aggregate particles deeper into the concrete. This preparation should...

curing of concrete

How Curing Improves Concrete Strength

Curing helps concrete gain strength after it has set. It keeps the concrete moist and at the right temperature so cement hydration can continue. Hydration is the process where cement reacts with water in the water-filled capillary pores and forms the products that fill spaces in the paste. Dry air can interrupt this process by pulling water from the concrete surface. Concrete with a water-cement ratio below 0.5 can also lose water through self-desiccation, which means internal water is used up...

curing methods

Concrete Curing for Moisture Retention

Concrete curing for moisture retention helps fresh concrete keep the water it needs as it hardens. For members with a small surface-to-volume ratio, the forms are often oiled and moistened before the concrete is placed. These forms may stay in place for a long time to reduce moisture loss. If the form material can be wetted, it can also be kept damp. When forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and then covered with polythene sheets. Large horizontal concrete surfaces in dry...

accelerated curing of concrete

How Concrete Gains Strength Faster

Concrete can gain strength faster when heat and extra moisture speed up cement hydration. This faster hydration helps the concrete build early strength sooner than normal curing. The process is used when quicker hardening is needed after casting. One common method is steam curing. Concrete products may move through a chamber on a conveyor belt, or they may be encased in plastic so steam at atmospheric pressure can circulate around them. Steam curing starts with moist curing for about 3 to 5...

key terms and concepts

Learn how preplaced aggregate concrete fills hard-to-reach forms with pumped mortar, low segregation, and uses in underwater, repair, and water-retaining projects.

Concrete Placement for Tight Spaces | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering provides a foundational exploration of essential construction materials in civil engineering, focusing on bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete through easy-to-understand animated videos. This collection covers the properties, manufacturing processes, and practical applications of these materials. Additionally, the accompanied science-in-action videos demonstrate the research experiments performed in laboratories.

civil engineering

Concrete Placement for Tight Spaces

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