Name: pressure balance in a fluid element
Uploaded: 2025-02-13T15:43:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 13 s
Channel: JoVE

Si consideri un piccolo elemento fluido rettangolare con le lunghezze degli spigoli che si presume siano prese da qualsiasi posizione arbitraria all'interno della massa fluida di interesse.
Due tipi di forze agiscono su questo elemento, comprese le forze superficiali causate dalla pressione e una forza corporea pari al peso dell'elemento.
Se la pressione è indicata al centro dell'elemento come p, la pressione media sulle diverse facce può quindi essere descritta in termini di p e delle sue derivate.
Per comprendere l'effetto delle forze sull'elemento fluido, è possibile esprimere la forza superficiale risultante nella direzione y e, in modo simile, per le superfici x e z.
La forza superficiale risultante che agisce sull'elemento può ora essere rappresentata in forma vettoriale e ulteriormente espressa come forza superficiale risultante per unità di volume.
Il peso dell'elemento può essere espresso utilizzando il peso specifico del fluido.
La seconda legge di Newton per l'elemento fluido può essere espressa utilizzando la forza superficiale risultante per unità di volume e il peso dell'elemento.
Con questo, si può ottenere l'equazione del campo di pressione.

equazione di base per il campo di pressione

L'equazione di base per un campo di pressione, nella meccanica dei fluidi, cattura l'equilibrio delle forze all'interno di qualsiasi segmento di fluido, fornendo una comprensione fondamentale di come la pressione cambia all'interno dei fluidi, sottoposti a diverse forze. In genere, due tipi principali di forze agiscono su qualsiasi porzione di un fluido: forze di superficie e forze di massa. Le forze di superficie derivano da differenze di pressione tra punti all'interno del fluido, che determinano forze nette che possono variare a seconda del gradiente di pressione locale. Le forze di massa, d'altra parte, sono distribuite in tutto il fluido e derivano principalmente dalla gravità che agisce sulla massa del fluido.

L'equazione del campo di pressione, è derivata analizzando queste forze in combinazione con la seconda legge di Newton, che collega la forza all'accelerazione della massa del fluido. Questa equazione offre una visione semplificata di come le forze interagiscono per creare variazioni di pressione all'interno di un fluido. Quando la pressione aumenta o diminuisce in un fluido, spesso si genera un movimento o un’accelerazione, determinati da questo equilibrio di forze.

L'equazione del campo di pressione è essenziale per comprendere il comportamento del fluido, dal flusso nei fiumi e nelle condotte, ai cambiamenti della pressione atmosferica e ai modelli meteorologici. Comprendendo come viene distribuita la pressione all'interno di un fluido, è possibile prevederne il movimento e progettare sistemi per gestirne il flusso in applicazioni che spaziano dai macchinari idraulici, alle reti di distribuzione idrica e persino all'aerodinamica.

Equazione di base per il Campo di Pressione

Si consideri un piccolo elemento fluido rettangolare con le lunghezze degli spigoli che si presume siano prese da qualsiasi posizione arbitraria all'interno della massa fluida di ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

Ingegneria Civile

Unit 1

Unità 1

Fluid Statics

Statica dei fluidi

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

Basic Equation for Pressure Field

pressure balance in a fluid element

The pressure field equation describes how forces stay balanced inside a small fluid element. In fluid mechanics, this balance helps explain how pressure changes from one place to another within a fluid.

Two main force types act on a fluid segment: surface forces and body forces. Surface forces come from pressure differences across nearby points in the fluid, so they depend on the local pressure gradient, which is the rate of pressure change with position. Body forces are spread through the fluid, and gravity is the main example because it acts on the fluid’s mass.

The pressure field equation is derived by combining these forces with Newton’s second law, which connects force and acceleration. The result gives a simplified way to see how pressure variations form in a fluid. When pressure increases or decreases across the fluid, the force balance can lead to motion or acceleration.

This idea is useful for understanding fluid behavior in rivers and pipes, as well as atmospheric pressure changes and weather patterns. It also helps predict fluid movement and support the design of systems such as hydraulic machinery, water distribution networks, and aerodynamics applications.

Pressure Balance in a Fluid Element

concept of pressure at a point

Fluid Pressure at One Point

Fluid pressure at one point is the focus of this lesson. It shows that pressure in a fluid is the same in every direction at a single location. This happens because fluid molecules move randomly and collide with nearby molecules in a balanced way. At a given point, the pressure depends on the surrounding fluid molecules. It is affected by depth and density, not by the shape of the container or the way the fluid is oriented. In a fluid at rest, the pressure acts equally in all directions...

basic equation for pressure field

The pressure field equation describes how forces stay balanced inside a small fluid element. In fluid mechanics, this balance helps explain how pressure changes from one place to another within a fluid. Two main force types act on a fluid segment: surface forces and body forces. Surface forces come from pressure differences across nearby points in the fluid, so they depend on the local pressure gradient, which is the rate of pressure change with position. Body forces are spread through the...

pressure variation in a fluid at rest

Hydrostatic Pressure and Fluid Depth

Hydrostatic pressure describes how pressure changes with depth in a fluid at rest. In a stationary fluid, the fluid acceleration is zero, so the forces inside the fluid balance. That means pressure at a point below the surface depends on depth, not on the container’s shape or size. Only vertical forces affect the pressure change in this situation. These forces come from the weight of the fluid above a point. When pressure is compared at two different levels, the difference in pressure equals...

measurement of fluid pressure

Manometers and Gauges for Fluid Pressure

Fluid pressure is measured with manometers and related gauges. These tools use a liquid column to show pressure differences. The height of the column gives a simple reading of the force the fluid exerts. A basic manometer is the piezometer. It is a vertical tube that is open at the top and filled with the same fluid being measured. When the tube connects to a container, the fluid height in the tube matches the pressure inside that container. For more detailed measurements, the U-tube...

hydrostatic pressure force on a plane surface

hydrostatic-pressure-force-on-a-plane-surface

Hydrostatic Pressure on Submerged Surfaces

Hydrostatic pressure creates force on submerged plane surfaces. The force depends on the fluid pressure and the area of the surface. The way that force acts changes with the surface position. For a horizontal surface, the depth stays the same across the whole area. That means the pressure is uniform. The resultant force equals the pressure at that depth multiplied by the surface area, and it acts through the centroid of the surface. For a vertical surface, pressure increases as depth...

hydrostatic pressure force on a curved surface

hydrostatic-pressure-force-on-a-curved-surface

Finding the Force on Curved Fluid Surfaces

Hydrostatic pressure on curved surfaces is an important idea in fluid mechanics. It helps explain how water pushes on curved structures in civil engineering. Examples include reservoirs, dams, and storage tanks. The pressure changes in both size and direction along the curve. To find the total hydrostatic force on a curved surface, engineers isolate the fluid volume next to that surface. They then study the forces on imaginary horizontal and vertical planes that cut through the volume. The...

buoyancy and stability for submerged and floating bodies

buoyancy-and-stability-for-submerged-and-floating-bodies

How Buoyancy Keeps Bodies Stable in Water

Buoyancy and stability explain how submerged and floating bodies behave in a fluid. When a body is fully or partly under water and stays still, the fluid pushes upward on it. That upward push is called the buoyant force. The buoyant force acts through the center of buoyancy. This is the center of the displaced fluid volume. Archimedes’ principle says the buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. Stability describes whether a body can return to its original position...

design example: application of archimedes' principle

design-example-application-of-archimedes-principle

Floating Block Buoyancy and Center of Buoyancy

Archimedes' principle is used to analyze the buoyant force on a wooden block that floats in seawater. The block has a rectangular section, and its dimensions, specific gravity, and the specific weight of seawater are used in the calculation. This setup shows how floating bodies stay in equilibrium. The first step is to find the weight of the block from its volume and specific gravity. Then Archimedes' principle is applied. The weight of the displaced water must equal the weight of the block.

key terms and concepts

Learn how surface forces, body forces, and Newton’s second law combine to explain pressure changes in fluids, from pipes to weather patterns.

Pressure Balance in a Fluid Element | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering provides a foundational exploration of essential construction materials in civil engineering, focusing on bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete through easy-to-understand animated videos. This collection covers the properties, manufacturing processes, and practical applications of these materials. Additionally, the accompanied science-in-action videos demonstrate the research experiments performed in laboratories.

civil engineering

Pressure Balance in a Fluid Element

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