Name: prokaryotic cell storage inclusions
Uploaded: 2025-06-12T09:31:19.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Biology

BIO.4

BIO.4.c

Cell Inclusions

Le inclusioni sono strutture intracellulari che fungono da siti di stoccaggio per nutrienti, sottoprodotti metabolici o altri composti.Il carbonio in eccesso viene spesso immagazzinato sotto forma di granuli di acido poli-β-idrossibutirrico, composti da polimeri lipidici o granuli di glicogeno. Queste forme di stoccaggio fungono da serbatoi di carbonio e fonti di energia rapide quando necessario.I granuli metacromatici, o volutina, sono granuli di polifosfato che si trovano comunemente nel Corynebacterium. Questi granuli immagazzinano il fosfato inorganico per la sintesi dell'acido nucleico e dell'ATP.I globuli di zolfo, una riserva di energia per i batteri ossidanti lo zolfo come il Thiobacillus, immagazzinano lo zolfo elementare.Alcuni cianobatteri producono carbossisomi, contenenti enzimi come RuBisCO, che facilitano la fissazione dell'anidride carbonica.I vacuoli gassosi sono strutture cave piene d'aria che consentono ai batteri acquatici e agli archei di mantenere la galleggiabilità, ottimizzando l'accesso alla luce e ai nutrienti.I magnetosomi, composti da magnetite o greigite, si trovano in batteri come il Magnetospirillum magnetotattico. Allineano i batteri acquatici con il campo magnetico terrestre e li guidano verso il basso verso zone anaerobiche con basse concentrazioni di ossigeno.

inclusioni cellulari

Le cellule procariotiche possiedono una variet&#224; di inclusioni citoplasmatiche che svolgono ruoli fondamentali nello stoccaggio dei nutrienti, nei processi metabolici e nell&#8217;adattamento ambientale. Queste strutture permettono ai batteri di prosperare in condizioni ambientali variabili, immagazzinando risorse essenziali e ottimizzando l&#8217;efficienza metabolica.
Stoccaggio del Carbonio: granuli di acido poli-&#946;-idrossibutirrico e glicogeno
I batteri accumulano frequentemente carbonio in eccesso sotto forma di granuli specializzati. I granuli di acido poli-&#946;-idrossibutirrico (PHB) sono polimeri lipidici che fungono da riserva a lungo termine di carbonio ed energia. Questi granuli costituiscono una fonte energetica che pu&#242; essere mobilitata durante condizioni di scarsit&#224; nutrizionale. Inoltre, i granuli di glicogeno, costituiti da polimeri altamente ramificati di glicogeno, rappresentano una fonte energetica rapidamente accessibile. La struttura ramificata del glicogeno consente un facile accesso enzimatico, facilitando un rapido rilascio di energia quando necessario.
I granuli di PHB trovano numerose applicazioni industriali, in particolare nella produzione di plastiche biodegradabili. Il PHB &#232; un poliestere appartenente alla classe dei poliidrossialcanoati (PHA), considerato un&#8217;alternativa ecocompatibile alle plastiche derivate dal petrolio, grazie alla sua biocompatibilit&#224;, atossicit&#224; e completa biodegradabilit&#224; ambientale.
Granuli metacromatici: riserve di polifosfati
I granuli metacromatici, noti anche come volutina, sono depositi intracellulari di polifosfati inorganici. Il termine "metacromatico" deriva dalla loro capacit&#224; di colorarsi con tonalit&#224; differenti rispetto al colorante usato, a causa dell&#8217;elevato contenuto fosforico. Questi granuli sono detti anche "volutina", dal nome del batterio Spirillum volutans in cui furono descritti per la prima volta. Comunemente osservati in generi come Corynebacterium, essi rappresentano riserve intracellulari di fosfato, componente essenziale per la sintesi degli acidi nucleici e dell&#8217;ATP. Tale strategia di stoccaggio supporta la crescita e la riproduzione batterica in condizioni di limitazione del fosforo.
Globuli di zolfo: stoccaggio di zolfo elementare
I globuli di zolfo sono inclusioni prominenti nei batteri ossidanti lo zolfo, come il Thiobacillus. Queste strutture accumulano zolfo elementare derivante dall&#8217;ossidazione di composti ridotti dello zolfo, come il solfuro di idrogeno o il tiosolfato, fungendo da riserva energetica prontamente disponibile. Lo zolfo immagazzinato pu&#242; essere ulteriormente ossidato a solfato in condizioni di richiesta energetica, contribuendo al metabolismo cellulare. Questo processo non solo fornisce energia, ma partecipa anche al ciclo biogeochimico dello zolfo, evidenziando l&#8217;importanza ecologica di queste inclusioni.
Carbossisomi: fissazione del carb&#244;nio
Cianobatteri e altri procarioti autotrofi producono carbossisomi, microcompartimenti proteici contenenti la ribulosio-1,5-bisfosfato carbossilasi/ossigenasi (RuBisCO). Queste inclusioni facilitano la fissazione del biossido di carbonio concentrando la CO_2 e aumentando l&#8217;efficienza della RuBisCO, un adattamento cruciale per organismi fotosintetici che vivono in ambienti poveri di CO_2.
Vacuoli gassosi: regolazione della galleggiabilit&#224;
I vacuoli gassosi, presenti in batteri e archei acquatici, sono strutture cave rivestite da proteine che regolano la galleggiabilit&#224;. Mediante il controllo della propria posizione nella colonna d&#8217;acqua, questi microrganismi ottimizzano l&#8217;accesso alla luce e ai nutrienti. Tale adattamento &#232; particolarmente importante per i batteri fotosintetici che vivono in ambienti acquatici stratificati.
Magnetosomi: ausili per la navigazione magnetotattica
I magnetosomi sono inclusioni delimitate da membrana contenenti ossidi di ferro (come magnetite) o greigite. Queste strutture sono caratteristiche di batteri come il Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum. Allineandosi con il campo magnetico terrestre, i magnetosomi orientano le cellule verso zone a basso tenore di ossigeno, condizioni favorevoli per il loro metabolismo. Questo sistema di navigazione magnetica rappresenta un adattamento altamente specializzato dei procarioti alla loro specifica nicchia ecologica. In conclusione, le inclusioni cellulari dei procarioti sono strutture multifunzionali che permettono ai batteri di immagazzinare nutrienti, interagire con l&#8217;ambiente circostante e ottimizzare i processi metabolici. Tali adattamenti dimostrano l&#8217;eccezionale versatilit&#224; e resilienza delle forme di vita procariotiche.

Inclusioni cellulari

Le cellule procariotiche possiedono una variet&#224; di inclusioni citoplasmatiche che svolgono ruoli fondamentali nello stoccaggio dei nutrienti, nei ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Microbiology

Microbiologia

Unit

Unità

Microbial Cell Structure and Function        

Struttura e funzione della cellula microbica

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

prokaryotic cell storage inclusions

Prokaryotic cell storage inclusions help bacteria store nutrients, manage energy, and adapt to changing environments. These inclusions let cells survive when food, phosphate, sulfur, light, or oxygen levels change. They are important examples of how simple cells can still have highly specialized structures.

Some inclusions store carbon. Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid, or PHB, forms granules that act as a long-term carbon and energy reserve. Glycogen granules also store carbon, but they provide a faster energy source because glycogen is highly branched and enzymes can access it quickly.

PHB has another important role outside the cell. It is a polyhydroxyalkanoate, or PHA, and is used to make biodegradable plastics. It is valued because it is biocompatible, non-toxic, and fully degradable in the environment.

Other inclusions store phosphate. Metachromatic granules, also called volutin, are deposits of inorganic polyphosphate. They were first observed in Spirillum volutans, and they are common in bacteria such as Corynebacterium. These granules stain a different color than the dye used because of their high phosphate content, and they provide phosphate for nucleic acids and ATP.

Sulfur globules store elemental sulfur in sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Thiobacillus. The sulfur comes from oxidized reduced sulfur compounds like hydrogen sulfide or thiosulfate. The stored sulfur can be oxidized further to sulfate when the cell needs energy, and this also helps sulfur move through the environment.

Some prokaryotes use inclusions for carbon fixation and movement. Cyanobacteria and other autotrophic prokaryotes make carboxysomes, which are protein-based microcompartments that contain RuBisCO. These structures concentrate CO2 and help RuBisCO work better, especially when CO2 is low. Gas vacuoles are hollow, protein-lined structures in aquatic bacteria and archaea that control buoyancy, so the cells can stay where light and nutrients are available.

Magnetosomes help bacteria navigate. These membrane-bound inclusions contain iron oxides such as magnetite or greigite. In bacteria like Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum, magnetosomes align with Earth’s magnetic field and guide cells toward low-oxygen or anaerobic zones that better fit their metabolism. Together, these inclusions show how prokaryotic cells store resources, sense their surroundings, and live successfully in many habitats.

Prokaryotic Cell Storage Inclusions

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

Cell Organization in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells show two major patterns of cell organization. These differences shape the structure, size, and function of living things across the domains of life. Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria and archaea, are simple in structure. They do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is usually a single circular molecule found in the nucleoid region, which is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotes are usually very small, about 0.1 to 5.0...

microbial morphologies 

Microbial Shapes and Cell Forms

Microbial shapes and cell forms help bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic microbes survive in many environments. Cell shape affects how these organisms grow, take up nutrients, and handle waste. It also reflects the link between structure and function. Among bacteria, cocci and bacilli are the most common shapes. Cocci are spherical cells, and they may appear alone or in pairs called diplococci, chains called streptococci, clusters called staphylococci, or groups of four called tetrads. Bacilli...

bacterial cell wall 

Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Walls

Bacterial cell walls give bacteria their shape and help protect them from osmotic stress. This rigid but flexible layer surrounds the plasma membrane and supports cellular integrity. Its main building block is peptidoglycan, a mesh-like polymer that adds strength while still allowing some flexibility. Peptidoglycan is made of alternating N-acetylglucosamine, or NAG, and N-acetylmuramic acid, or NAM. Short amino acid chains connect these sugar units and help form the strong network. The...

archaeal cell wall

Archaeal Cell Wall Types and Functions

Archaeal cell walls protect archaea and help them survive in extreme environments. Unlike bacterial cell walls, they do not have the peptidoglycan layer found in most bacteria. Instead, archaea use a range of materials, including proteins, polysaccharides, and pseudomurein, to build their outer layer. The most common archaeal cell wall is the S-layer, or surface layer. It is made of tightly packed protein or glycoprotein units that form a crystalline lattice. These repeating patterns can make...

peptidoglycan synthesis

Building the Bacterial Cell Wall

Peptidoglycan builds the bacterial cell wall and gives the cell its shape and strength. It is a mesh-like polymer around the bacterial plasma membrane. The polymer is made of repeating sugar units, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Short peptide chains cross-link the sugar chains and make the wall more rigid. Peptidoglycan biosynthesis starts in the cytoplasm with soluble precursors. Uridine diphosphate, or UDP, binds to NAG and NAM to...

plasma membrane in bacteria and archaea

Bacterial vs Archaeal Membrane Lipids

Bacterial and archaeal plasma membranes control what enters and leaves the cell. They also help maintain cell integrity. Although both membranes do the same basic job, their structures are different because bacteria and archaea face different environmental demands. Bacterial plasma membranes are mainly made of phospholipids. These lipids have fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol backbone by ester bonds. They form a bilayer, with hydrophilic glycerol-phosphate heads facing outward and...

outer layers of the cell envelope

Capsules, Slime Layers, and S-Layers

Capsules, slime layers, and S-layers are outer coverings on prokaryotic cells. These layers help bacteria and archaea survive, attach to surfaces, and interact with their environment. They are often made of polysaccharides, polypeptides, proteins, or glycoproteins. Capsules are tightly bound and highly organized layers that stick firmly to the bacterial cell wall. They are usually made of polysaccharides, although some are made of polypeptides. A capsule protects cells from dehydration and can...

flagella and motility in bacteria

Bacterial Flagella as Tiny Rotary Motors

Bacterial flagella are thread-like structures that help cells move and respond to their surroundings. They extend from the cell envelope and support both motility and chemotaxis, which is the ability to move in response to chemical signals. Their design shows how bacteria use specialized structures to survive in different environments. A flagellum has three main parts: the filament, the hook, and the basal body. The filament is the long, helical part made of repeating flagellin protein...

fimbriae, pili, and axial filaments

How Bacteria Stick, Share Genes, and Move

Fimbriae, pili, and axial filaments are bacterial surface structures that help cells attach, exchange genes, and move. These hairlike appendages are made mainly of pilin protein. They support bacterial survival in different environments and can also increase pathogenicity. Fimbriae are fine, filament-like structures that are densely packed on the bacterial surface. They are about 2 to 10 nanometers wide and help bacteria attach to nonliving surfaces and to host tissues. This adhesion is an...

cell inclusions

Prokaryotic cell storage inclusions help bacteria store nutrients, manage energy, and adapt to changing environments. These inclusions let cells survive when food, phosphate, sulfur, light, or oxygen levels change. They are important examples of how simple cells can still have highly specialized structures. Some inclusions store carbon. Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid, or PHB, forms granules that act as a long-term carbon and energy reserve. Glycogen granules also store carbon, but they provide a...

endospores and sporulation

How Bacteria Survive with Endospores

Endospores help some bacteria survive harsh conditions. These dormant cells are made mainly by Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium. They are highly resistant to heat, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, drying, and toxic chemicals. In rare cases, endospore-like structures have also been seen in some Gram-negative bacteria, including Coxiella burnetii and Sporosarcina ureae, as well as in other species exposed to extreme conditions. Sporulation begins when bacteria face...

nucleoid

How Prokaryotes Organize DNA

Prokaryotes organize their DNA in the nucleoid, a distinct region where genetic material and associated proteins are packed. Because prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, the nucleoid helps keep DNA organized and available for cell activities. In most bacteria and archaea, the DNA is a single, circular, double-stranded molecule that is tightly compacted by supercoiling and protein interactions. Nucleoid-associated proteins, or NAPs, help shape and maintain this DNA region.

surface appendages of archaea

Archaeal Pili and Archaella in Action

Archaeal pili and archaella help archaea survive, attach, and move in challenging environments. These surface appendages support adhesion, biofilm formation, and motility. They give archaeal cells key advantages in habitats that can be extreme. Pili are filament-like structures made from pilin protein subunits. Their main role is adhesion, which means helping cells stick to surfaces. They also support biofilm formation, where cells live in a shared, surface-attached community. Some pili are...

key terms and concepts

Learn how prokaryotic cell inclusions store carbon, phosphate, and sulfur, support carbon fixation, control buoyancy, and guide bacteria with magnetosomes.

Prokaryotic Cell Storage Inclusions | JoVE K12

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BIO.4.e

Prokaryotic Cell Storage Inclusions

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