Name: respiratory exam: lung sounds and percussion
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:35:14.000Z
Duration: 7 min 54 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Life Science

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-3.

respiratory-exam-ii-percussion-and-auscultation

Respiratory Exam II: Percussion and Auscultation

1. 位置決め
<ol>
	<li>患者は、腰まで服を着ていることを確認します。</li>
	<li>30-45 度の角度で右側からのアプローチ診察台に患者を置きます。肺の後方を調べると、前傾したり、ベッドの端に座っている患者が必要です。</li>
</ol>
2. パーカッション
<ol>
	<li>打診両方後方と前方、背面を開始します。</li>
	<li>患者の右または左中間背面の領域にしっかりと非利き手中指 (pleximeter 指) を押すとようご注意の場所 (後方の肺のレベルを下げる)。胸壁、しっかり指が押されると、大声パーカッション メモをする傾向があります。</li>
	<li>他の指と手のひらは患者の胸に押されていないことを確認します。</li>
	<li>利き手の中指 (plexor 指) の先端を使用して、非利き手で (それは短い爪を維持することが望ましい) の少なくとも 2 倍の pleximeter 指の上から 1/3 (中間または遠位 phalanx) をしっかりとタップします。音は、中空、空気で満たされた肺を表す必要があります。</li>
	<li>各肺レベル側、下肺輪郭線から始まる、胸壁までの作業を比較、4、5 のレベルでパーカッションを繰り返します。有効期限、肺の下側の境界線、鎖骨中央線上の第 6 肋骨および midaxiallary ラインで第 8 肋骨のレベルで、前方約レベル T10 棘突起の後方。</li>
	<li>打診の前方と後方、肋間の胸に指を置くこと。</li>
	<li>パーカッション サウンドの品質を感謝してください。箱の打楽器の通常の調査結果は次のとおりです。<ol>
		<li>共鳴パーカッション注: 通常の空気で満たされた肺で聞いた。</li>
		<li>鈍いパーカッション メモ (固体ティッシュで聞いた音): 右下の前胸部の肝臓と、左前胸部の心臓部。肺のパーカッションは、この音を引き出すと、の統合を表しています。</li>
		<li>注鼓膜打楽器 (ドラムのような時に音を中空の臓器を空也念仏): トラウベの領域、胃泡を覆う領域の上と 6 番目の肋骨、前腋窩線、左側肋骨で囲まれました。左胸水はトラウベのスペース上鈍いパーカッション サウンドを生成します。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>病理学的打楽器音の有無に注意してください。A「石鈍い」やフラット パーカッション注音"標準"鈍い音より鈍く。それは、太ももで聞いたパーカッション メモのような胸水貯留を示すものです。ハイパー共鳴パーカッションは病理学的打楽器音高度な COPD、肺気腫、気胸から過度に膨張した肺を示す。</li>
</ol>
3. 聴診
<ol>
	<li>患者の位置: 前傾または後方を確認するためにまっすぐに座る患者を求めます。腕を折るか、反対の肩に手を置いて患者を求めてまた肺野への最大の露出を得るのに役立ちます。</li>
	<li>患者の胸に聴診器のダイヤフラムを配置、出入り口で深呼吸する患者を求めます。</li>
	<li>聴診 5 レベルで後方と前方、サイド バイ サイドを比較します。</li>
	<li>正常呼吸音は、インスピレーションに大きく、有効期限の柔らかい低音域の音は、小胞のブレスと呼ばれます。彼らは後方に対称になります。</li>
	<li>存在感と異常 (不定) 余分な呼吸音、クラックル ノイズ、音、喘鳴、または胸膜摩擦摩擦 (表 1)、喘鳴などの場所に注意してください。</li>
	<li>(存在する場合)、異常呼吸音の次の特性に注意してください: 音の大きさ、品質、期間、インスピレーションまたは (すなわち、呼吸サイクルのタイミング) は有効期限中に発生したかどうかと。多くの異常な呼吸音が最高患者が咳を求めて後聞かれます。</li>
	<li>患者は言う「99」や「1-2-1.「依頼する場合 bronchophony、サウンド連結肺伝送増加の評価Egophony は"E"音が連結肺を"A"に変更されたときです。</li>
	<li>Pectoriloquy をウィスパ リングを評価します。聴診器で聴診しながら尋ねるささやく「99」に患者または「1-2-1.」連結肺音、実際に聞かされるより明確に聴診器で。</li>
</ol>
<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>呼吸音</td>
			<td colspan="3">説明</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>気管支</td>
			<td colspan="3">過酷なまたは中空の呼吸音、あなたが聞くと思います気管や主気管支上あなたの聴診器を配置したかどうかに似ています。他の分野で彼らは根本的な連結のサインをすることができます。</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>肺胞</td>
			<td colspan="3">通常の大きい航空路と胸骨の他の地域で異常に</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>クラックル ノイズまたは Crepitations またはラ</td>
			<td colspan="3">気道とはより一般的に肺の基盤で吸気時に聞いた流体によって引き起こされます。罰金; として分類することができます。ソフトである簡単な甲高いサウンドや「ポップス」、または粗細かいクラックル ノイズよりも登板大声で上下であります。細かいクラックル ノイズを聞くことができる肺線維症と肺炎と COPD のコースがパチパチします。クラックル ノイズのタイミングに注意してください。うっ血性心不全は通常後期のクラックル ノイズを生成します。</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>喘鳴</td>
			<td colspan="3">喘息と COPD で聞いた独特の甲高い連続音</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>音</td>
			<td colspan="3">反応性気道疾患、肺炎、COPD、スイスフランなどを引き起こしている状態で聴診することができます「いびき」音量</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>喘鳴</td>
			<td colspan="3">上気道からインスピレーション (これは救急医療では多くの場合) で通常生成された異常な甲高い音</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>こする</td>
			<td colspan="3">による胸膜表面のこすれあうの (胸膜摩擦摩擦)、心膜炎など、胸膜炎の詳細と同様、他の条件を聞いた</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
表 1。肺の聴診時に潜在的な調査の結果をまとめた表。

打診と聴診は順序で常に行われるべき完全呼吸検査を実行するたびに。学習方法正しく打診に時間と練習がかかります (自分やテーブルなど他のサーフェスに練習を行うことができます)。パーカッション注変化自然空気で満たされた肺、肋骨、および固形臓器、心臓などがわかります。
医師に任意の肺の病理のフォーカスを特定の最高のチャンスを与える各肺ゾーンで聴診を行う必要があります。患者で発生した場合、異常な呼吸音は簡単に認識できるはずです。呼吸音を分類するのに十分な時間を許可します。いくつかの呼吸サイクルの wheezes、クラックル ノイズの正確な性質を聞くに、必要な場合の 1 つの領域、音、または他の病理学的所見に耳を傾けます。音は主観的、時折見えることができますが、肺の多くの条件の「スポット診断」につながる練習すれば簡単になる特定の息を区別します。

呼吸試験 ii: 打診と聴診

ソース: Suneel Dhand、MD、医師、内科、ベス イスラエス ディーコネス メディカル センターに参加
打楽器と呼吸器系の聴診のため適切な技術を学習が重要であると、実際の患者に実際に付属しています。パーカッションは毎日の臨床実習中にスキップはしばしば有用なスキルが、基になる肺の病理を識別するために医師を助けることができる場合は、正しく実行します。聴診は、急性の肺等の慢性閉塞性肺疾患 (COPD)、喘息、肺炎、気胸の数にほぼ即時診断を提供できます。
肺の聴診のエリアは、肺のゾーンに対応します。打診と聴診(図 1中に胸壁下に各肺葉を描写できます)。右肺は 3 葉: 優れた, 中, と下葉。左肺は 2 つの葉: 優れたと劣る葉。左肺の上葉舌として知られている別の投影があります。
<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/10041/10041fig1.jpg"> 
図 1。胸壁に対して肺の解剖学.肺の近似射影亀裂と胸に葉の前方壁します。時代 - 右上葉;RML - 右肺中葉。RLL - 右下葉;LUL - 左上葉;LLL - 下葉を左します。

呼吸試験 II: 打診と聴診

Source: Suneel Dhand, MD, Attending Physician, Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Learning the proper technique for percussion and ...

呼吸器系のパーカッションと聴診の適切な技術を学ぶことは、肺疾患のベッドサイド診断に不可欠です。パーカッションはシンプルでありながら有用なスキルであり、正しく実行すれば、医師が根本的な肺の病状を特定するのに役立ちます。一方、聴診は、慢性閉塞性肺疾患、喘息、肺炎、気胸など、多くの肺疾患に対してほぼ即時の診断を提供できます。別のビデオでは、呼吸器系の検査と触診の実施方法について説明しました。このビデオでは、この試験のパーカッションと聴診の手順に焦点を当てます。臨床検査の詳細に入る前に、肺葉と呼吸音を確認しましょう。これにより、パーカッションと聴診の解剖学的位置と結果をよりよく理解することができます。肺のパーカッションと聴診の領域は肺葉に対応しており、各肺葉は胸壁の下に描くことができます。2つのうち大きい方の右肺には、上葉、中葉、下葉の3つがあります。水平の亀裂は上葉と中葉を分離し、右斜めの亀裂は中央葉と下葉を分離します。左肺には、左斜めの裂傷によって分離された上葉と下葉の2つの葉しかありません。肺の大部分は私たちが吸い込む空気で満たされているため、肺領域の大部分でパーカッションを行うと、低音で中空の音である共鳴音が生成されます。したがって、鈍さや過共鳴は、それぞれ胸水や気胸などの肺の病状を示しています。聴診中に聴診器から聞こえる呼吸音も独特です。通常の呼吸中に聞こえる2つの音は、気管支と水疱です。より管状で中空の気管支音は、前胸部の大きな気道から聞こえます。一方、小胞音は、柔らかく、低音で、カサカサ音が肺組織領域のほとんどで聞こえます。異常な呼吸音には、ラレとも呼ばれるパチパチという音があり、これは小さな気道内の液体を示しています。一方、喘鳴やロンチは気道の狭窄や腫れを示唆し、部分的な気道閉塞を引き起こします。胸膜摩擦は、炎症を起こした胸膜表面が呼吸中に互いに滑り落ちるときに発生し、最後に喘鳴は上気道の閉塞によって引き起こされます。呼吸パーカッションと聴診中にどこで何を探すべきかについてのこの知識を持って、パーカッションから始まる手順について説明しましょう。患者にまっすぐに座るか、前かがみになるように頼みます。後面のパーカッションから始めます。利き手ではない方の手を中指を押し、過伸ばして患者の背中の中央部分にしっかりと置きます。利き手の中指の先を使って、押している手の中指の上部第3指骨を少なくとも2回しっかりと叩きます。これを4〜5レベルで繰り返し、左右で比較します。胸部前壁でも同じ手順を実行し、下肺の境界から作業します。前方と後方の両方で、押す手の中指が肋骨ではなく肋間腔に配置されていることを確認します。パーカッションの音質を鑑賞してください。通常の空気で満たされた肺を軽くたたくと、共鳴するパーカッション音が出るはずです。それどころか、肝臓や心臓などの固形組織への打楽器は、鈍い音を出すはずです。また、Traubeのスペースのような中空のスペースでのパーカッションは、ドラムのような音であるティンパニックノートを生成する必要があります。最後に、聴診器を使って呼吸音を聞く聴診に移りましょう。まず、患者に前かがみになるか、直立して座るように指示して、後方で検査します。患者に、肺野への露出を最大限に得るために、反対側の肩に手を置くように依頼します。横隔膜を患者の背中の中央部分に置き、口から深呼吸をしたり吐いたりするように依頼します。後方の5つのレベルで聴診し、次に同じ手順を前方で繰り返し、左右に比較します。通常の呼吸音は、後方と前方の両方で対称的である必要があります。逸脱は肺疾患の可能性のある指標です。聴診の最後の3つのステップは、肺の地固めを特定することを目的とした検査です。これらのテストの最初のものは、気管支弁腫の評価です。患者に「99」と言ってもらいながら、胸部を聴診します。音の伝達が増加すると、肺が固まっていることを示します。2つ目は、エゴフォニーを評価することです。患者に「E」と言ってもらいます。聴診器で「E」の音が「A」に変わるときは、肺が固まっていることを示しています。最後に、ささやくようなペクトリロキを評価します。患者に「99」とささやいてもらいます。肺が固まっている場合、聴診器を通して音が実際により良く、よりはっきりと聞こえます。これらのステップはすべて、肺領域全体をカバーするために、さまざまな場所で後方に実行する必要があります。検査の最後に、患者に感謝し、患者に元に戻します。JoVEのパーカッションと呼吸評価のための聴診に関するビデオをご覧になりました。検査のこの部分で聞こえる音を区別することは、主観的に見えることがありますが、練習を重ねると評価がより明確で容易になり、多くの肺疾患の「スポット診断」につながります。いつものように、ご覧いただきありがとうございます!

Education

JoVE Science Education

Clinical Skills

臨床技能

Physical Examinations I

身体診察 I

respiratory exam: lung sounds and percussion

Respiratory exam skills include percussion and auscultation of the lungs. These techniques help identify lung problems during a physical exam. Percussion uses tapping to assess the chest, and auscultation uses a stethoscope to listen for breath sounds.

Percussion is a useful skill that is often skipped in routine clinical practice. When it is done correctly, it can help a physician detect underlying lung pathology. Auscultation can also give an almost immediate clue to several acute pulmonary conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumonia, and pneumothorax.

The lung zones used for auscultation match the areas of the lungs beneath the chest wall. The right lung has three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior. The left lung has two lobes: superior and inferior. The superior lobe of the left lung also has a separate projection called the lingula, which is part of the lung map used during exam.

Respiratory Exam: Lung Sounds and Percussion

respiratory-exam-lung-sounds-and-percussion

general approach to the physical exam

Why Physical Exams Still Matter

Physical examination remains an important part of medicine. Doctors have used the body exam for centuries to connect changes in body function with disease. Even with modern imaging and lab tests, the bedside exam still helps clinicians understand what may be happening in the patient. Physical examination is not a replacement for tests, and it does not answer every question. Some maneuvers that were once highly valued may have limited usefulness. Still, many conditions can only be found through...

observation and inspection

Clinical Observation in Physical Exam

Clinical observation is the starting point of a physical examination and begins at the first contact with a patient. Observation is a broad term for using the senses carefully to gather information. Inspection is a narrower term. It refers to what can be seen with the eyes, especially on the surface of the body, rather than to behavior. Skilled clinicians use more than sight when they examine a patient. They also rely on touch, through palpation and percussion, and on hearing, through...

palpation

How Hand Position Guides Palpation

Palpation uses touch to collect diagnostic information during the physical exam. It is one of the ways a healthcare provider uses the senses to learn more about a patient. The part of the hand used for palpation changes depending on the body area being examined. Finger pads are best for fine detail. Their dense sensory nerves help the examiner feel small features, such as the borders of masses or lymph nodes. The back of the hand, also called the dorsal surface, gives a rough sense of relative...

percussion

Clinical Percussion and Body Sound

Clinical percussion uses tapping to create sound and help assess what lies beneath the body surface. It is a simple bedside technique that depends on the way sound changes when it travels through different tissues. The method began with Leopold Auenbrugger, an Austrian inn-keeper's son, who found that tapping beer barrels could help him take inventory. He later applied the same idea to patients in Vienna and published the first description of its diagnostic use in 1761. Jean-Nicolas Corvisart...

auscultation

Stethoscope Sounds in Clinical Exam

Auscultation is a clinical exam method that lets a provider listen to sounds inside the body. Doctors use it to gather important diagnostic information from the chest, heart, abdomen, and blood vessels. For many years, auscultation meant immediate auscultation. In that method, the examiner placed an ear directly on the patient's skin. This approach was used for centuries, but it became less useful in nineteenth-century France because of social norms and poor diagnostic yield. René Laënnec...

proper adjustment of patient attire during the physical exam

proper-adjustment-of-patient-attire-during-the-physical-exam

Draping for a Better Physical Exam

Draping is an important part of a careful physical exam. It helps the provider examine the right body area while also protecting patient modesty. Good draping takes practice because the examiner must balance exposure with comfort. Correct technique also improves the accuracy of the exam. Skin lesions can be missed if inspection is done through clothing. Lung crackles may be reported by mistake when the chest is examined through a T-shirt, and subtle heart findings can be missed when...

blood pressure measurement

Manual Blood Pressure Reading Steps

Blood pressure reading uses an indirect method to measure the pressure of blood against vessel walls. Blood pressure, or BP, is a vital sign that is checked routinely in hospital and outpatient settings. It is one of the most common medical assessments performed around the world. The indirect method is non-invasive, safe, and easily reproducible, so it is used most often. BP can be measured automatically by oscillometry or manually by auscultation. Auscultation uses a sphygmomanometer, which...

measuring vital signs

Vital Sign Ranges and Patient Status

Vital signs are objective measurements that show a patient’s clinical status. The commonly accepted vital signs are blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. In many practices, pain is also treated as the sixth vital sign and is documented with the others. Pain is different from the other vital signs because it is a subjective measurement. That means the pain scale can vary from one patient to another. A vital signs assessment includes heart rate, blood...

respiratory exam i: inspection and palpation

respiratory-exam-i-inspection-and-palpation

Checking Breathing Distress by Exam

Respiratory exam starts with looking for breathing distress and feeling the chest. Shortness of breath is a common reason for both outpatient and inpatient evaluation. Early inspection can reveal fast breathing or cyanosis, which is a bluish color change that can signal low oxygen. If a patient shows respiratory distress, the situation needs urgent attention and oxygen therapy. In many cases, careful clinical examination can help identify lung problems without relying only on tests. This is...

respiratory exam ii: percussion and auscultation

Respiratory exam skills include percussion and auscultation of the lungs. These techniques help identify lung problems during a physical exam. Percussion uses tapping to assess the chest, and auscultation uses a stethoscope to listen for breath sounds. Percussion is a useful skill that is often skipped in routine clinical practice. When it is done correctly, it can help a physician detect underlying lung pathology. Auscultation can also give an almost immediate clue to several acute pulmonary...

cardiac exam i: inspection and palpation

Cardiac Exam I: Checking the Chest First

Cardiac exam inspection and palpation are the first steps in a careful heart assessment. These steps help a physician gather useful information before using a stethoscope. They are part of the core examination performed when a patient is first seen. Heart and circulatory disorders are common reasons for hospital admission. They can include conditions such as myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. Because of this, learning a complete cardiac examination is important for any...

cardiac exam ii: auscultation

Listening for Normal and Abnormal Heart Sounds

Heart auscultation uses a stethoscope to listen to heart sounds and check for normal and abnormal patterns. For physicians, knowing how to hear these sounds and tell them apart is an essential skill. The sound heard at each spot on the chest relates to the closing of specific heart valves. The heart has two main sounds, called S1 and S2. S1 happens when the mitral and tricuspid valves, which are the atrioventricular valves, close after blood enters the ventricles. This marks the start of...

cardiac exam iii: abnormal heart sounds

Heart Murmurs and Gallop Sounds

Heart murmurs and gallop sounds are abnormal heart sounds that can be heard during auscultation, or listening to the heart with a stethoscope. A good understanding of normal heart sounds is the first step in telling normal sounds apart from abnormal ones. Murmurs usually have a swishing quality and point to turbulent blood flow across a heart valve. Murmurs can happen because a valve is too narrow, which is called stenosis, or because blood leaks backward across the valve, which is called...

peripheral vascular exam

Assessing PAD and Venous Signs

Peripheral vascular disease can affect blood flow in the arms and legs, and careful exam steps help reveal signs of disease. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is linked to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. Risk factors include diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and tobacco use. Symptoms may appear as limb claudication, which is cramp-like muscle pain that gets worse with activity and better with rest. Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) can cause lower extremity swelling,...

peripheral vascular exam using a continuous wave doppler

peripheral-vascular-exam-using-a-continuous-wave-doppler

Bedside Doppler for Leg Blood Flow Checks

Peripheral vascular disease affects the arteries and veins outside the heart, and it is common in older adults. History and physical exam can suggest the diagnosis, but Doppler ultrasound is now a routine part of the bedside vascular exam. This lesson focuses on bedside assessment of peripheral arterial disease and chronic venous insufficiency with a handheld continuous wave Doppler. A handheld Doppler is a simple tool that sends and receives ultrasound at the same time. It detects changes in...

physical examinations i

このコレクションは、血圧やバイタルサインの測定から、肺や心臓血管の理学的診断までの、健康診断の基礎となる技術を紹介しています。

Learn how percussion and auscultation are used in a respiratory exam to assess lung zones and spot signs of COPD, asthma, pneumonia, and pneumothorax.

Respiratory Exam: Lung Sounds and Percussion | JoVE K12

Suneel Dhand

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Overview

Lung Lobes and Breath Sounds

Respiratory Percussion Procedure

Respiratory Auscultation Procedure

Summary

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10647.jpg

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
ExpandIn this experiment you will prepare different types of cells from a plant and animal, onion and human ...

What are Cells?

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term &#34;cell&#34; based on the ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

The Central Dogma

The DNA Helix

Nucleic Acids

DNA as a Genetic Template

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the ...

Chromosome Structure

Base-pairing and DNA Repair

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Protein and Protein Structures

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of ...

Protein Folding

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to ...

An Overview of Gene Expression

Gene expression is the complex process where a cell uses its genetic information to make functional products. This process is regulated at multiple ...

an-introduction-to-caenorhabditis-elegans

An Introduction to Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a microscopic, soil-dwelling roundworm that has been powerfully used as a model organism since the early 1970&rsquo;s.  It was ...

An Overview of Genetic Analysis

An organism&#8217;s physical traits, or phenotype, are a product of its genotype, which is the combination of alleles (gene variants) inherited from its ...

An Introduction to Cell Death

Necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death are all manners in which cells can die, and these mechanisms can be induced by different stimuli, such as ...

An Overview of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering &#8211; the process of purposefully altering an organism&#8217;s DNA &#8211; has been used to create powerful research tools and model ...

An Introduction to Cell Division

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides and gives rise to two or more daughter cells. It is a means of reproduction for single-cell ...

An Overview of Genetics and Disease

Many human diseases are associated with mutations or variations in genetic sequences. Some of these genetic variants are heritable, passed down from ...

an-introduction-to-cellular-and-molecular-neuroscience

An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience

Cellular and molecular neuroscience is one of the newest and fastest growing subdisciplines in neuroscience. By investigating the influences of genes, ...

Annexin V and Propidium Iodide Labeling

Staining with annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) provides researchers with a way to identify different types of cell death&#8212;either necrosis or ...

an-introduction-to-developmental-genetics

An Introduction to Developmental Genetics

Development is the complex process through which a single-celled embryo transforms into a multicellular organism. Developmental processes are guided by ...

Bacterial Transformation: Electroporation

The term &#x201C;transformation&#x201D; refers cellular ingestion of foreign DNA.  In nature, transformation can occur in certain types of bacteria.  In ...

an-introduction-to-molecular-developmental-biology

An Introduction to Molecular Developmental Biology

Molecular signals play a major role in the complex processes occurring during embryonic development. These signals regulate activities such as cell ...

bacterial-transformation-the-heat-shock-method

Bacterial Transformation: The Heat Shock Method

Transformation is the process that occurs when a cell ingests foreign DNA from its surroundings. Transformation can occur in nature in certain types of ...

an-introduction-to-saccharomyces-cerevisiae

An Introduction to Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (commonly known as baker&rsquo;s yeast) is a single-celled eukaryote that is frequently used in scientific research.  S. ...

Cell Cycle Analysis

Cell cycle refers to the set of events through which a cell grows, replicates its genome, and ultimately divides into two daughter cells through the ...

An Introduction to Transfection

Transfection is the process of inserting genetic material, such as DNA and double stranded RNA, into mammalian cells. The insertion of DNA into a cell ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Histones are proteins that help organize DNA in eukaryotic nuclei by serving as &#8220;scaffolds&#8221; around which DNA can be wrapped, forming a complex ...

An Overview of Epigenetics

Since the early days of genetics research, scientists have noted certain heritable phenotypic differences that are not due to differences in the ...

community-dna-extraction-from-bacterial-colonies

Community DNA Extraction from Bacterial Colonies

Source: Laboratories of Dr. Ian Pepper and Dr. Charles Gerba - The University of Arizona
Demonstrating Author: Luisa Ikner
Traditional methods of analysis ...

Cytogenetics

Cytogenetics is the field of study devoted to chromosomes, and involves the direct observation of a cell&#8217;s chromosomal number and structure, ...

embryonic-stem-cell-culture-and-differentiation

Embryonic Stem Cell Culture and Differentiation

Culturing embryonic stem (ES) cells requires conditions that maintain these cells in an undifferentiated state to preserve their capacity for self-renewal ...

DNA Gel Electrophoresis

DNA gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the detection and separation of DNA molecules. An electric field is applied to a gel matrix comprised of ...

Enzyme Assays and Kinetics

Enzyme kinetics describes the catalytic effects of enzymes, which are biomolecules that facilitate chemical reactions necessary for living organisms. ...

DNA Ligation Reactions

In molecular biology, ligation refers to the joining of two DNA fragments through the formation of a phosphodiester bond.  An enzyme known as a ligase ...

explant-culture-for-developmental-studies

Explant Culture for Developmental Studies

Explant culture is a technique in which living cells or tissues are removed from an embryo for continued development outside of the organism. This ex vivo ...

DNA Methylation Analysis

Methylation at CpG dinucleotides is a chemical modification of DNA hypothesized to play important roles in regulating gene expression. In particular, the ...

Expression Profiling with Microarrays

Microarrays are important tools for profiling gene expression, and are based on complementary binding between probes that are attached to glass chips and ...

Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation

Density gradient ultracentrifugation is a common technique used to isolate and purify biomolecules and cell structures. This technique exploits the fact ...

F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)

F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a phenomenon used to investigate close-range biochemical interactions. In FRET, a donor photoluminescent ...

detecting-environmental-microorganisms-with-polymerase-chain-reaction

Detecting Environmental Microorganisms with the Polymerase Chain Reaction and Gel Electrophoresis

Source: Laboratories of Dr. Ian Pepper and Dr. Charles Gerba - Arizona University
Demonstrating Author: Bradley Schmitz
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is ...

Gel Purification

Gel purification is used to recover DNA fragments after electrophoretic separation. DNA recovery from an agarose gel includes three basic steps: binding, ...

Detecting Reactive Oxygen Species

Reactive oxygen species are chemically active, oxygen-derived molecules capable of oxidizing other molecules. Because of their reactive nature, there are ...

Gene Silencing with Morpholinos

Morpholino-mediated gene silencing is a common technique used to study roles of specific genes during development. Morpholinos inhibit gene expression by ...

development-and-reproduction-of-the-laboratory-mouse

Development and Reproduction of the Laboratory Mouse

Successful breeding of the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) is critical to the establishment and maintenance of a productive animal colony. Additionally, ...

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.

HS-LS1-1.

Respiratory Exam: Lung Sounds and Percussion

Description

Transcript

More videos by Standards