Name: why physical exams still matter
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:35:19.000Z
Duration: 5 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Life Science

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-3.

General Approach to the Physical Exam

1. 患者の発生する前に
<ol>
	<li>以前患者 (例えば、試験テーブル); 感動消毒面で患者の診察室を準備します。サポート スタッフがこれは通常です。</li>
	<li>遭遇の間に使用するすべての機器を消毒 (e.g。、聴診器、反射ハンマー)。</li>
	<li>石鹸と水または局所の消毒液で手を洗います。</li>
	<li>臨床遭遇 (例えば、接触感染予防策) 任意の特定の感染対策が必要かどうかを判断し、必要な保護具を取得します。</li>
	<li>患者は病気のため脆弱な感じていることが、あなた自身の不安を沈静化しようと。患者はあなたが穏やかな場合多くの使いやすさを感じやすいです。</li>
</ol>
2. 部屋に入る
<ol>
	<li>ドアをノックしてを入力する許可を求めます。</li>
	<li>自分と自分の役割を紹介します。</li>
</ol>
3. 患者のプライバシー
<ol>
	<li>部屋の外に患者を同伴している家族を求めます。これは患者だけに話をする重要な機会を提供します。現在に残る家族のメンバーを持っている患者によって要求は一般に尊重しなければなりません。</li>
	<li>試験の部屋のカーテンが描かれてドアが閉じていることを確認します。</li>
	<li>シャペロンがその罰金、患者またはプロバイダーは必要な感じている場合は、試験の中にあるかどうかを決定します。多くの場合これは標準、直腸、泌尿生殖器および女性胸の試験です。</li>
</ol>
4. あなたのアプローチを検討してください。
<ol>
	<li>実行する予定の試験の内容を決定します。これは、1 つは患者の苦情と特定疾患臨床疑惑に基づくより焦点を絞った検討への予防訪問中に行うことがあります、包括的な評価範囲です。</li>
	<li>集中や包括的なかどうか試験は一定配慮だけ丸暗記/自動プロセスを使用せずに 1 つは求めている意図的なアクティブな方法で実行必要があります。1 つが調査結果に焦点を当てることができる状態を実現するプロセスだけではなく、多くの練習。</li>
	<li>効率性と患者の快適さを最適化するために試験の順序を計画します。グループ演習は、特定の位置で実行する必要があります一緒に患者の位置を最小限にするよう努める必要があります。試験を開始する前に念頭に置いて計画を持っていると便利です。</li>
</ol>
5. 患者服装
<ol>
	<li>患者が計画的試験に適切に服を着るようにします。必要に応じてガウンを患者に提供し、ドレープします。</li>
</ol>
6. その他の環境への配慮
<ol>
	<li>演習を実行するあなたの能力を最適化するために必要に応じて椅子と試験テーブルの高さを調整します。</li>
	<li>できるように照明や周囲のノイズを調整します。</li>
	<li>審査に従来のアプローチは、患者の右側に審査官を配置します。</li>
</ol>
7. 試験のコンポーネント
<ol>
	<li>身体検査は次の地域/解剖学的コンポーネントに細分される: 概観;バイタル サイン。頭、目、耳、鼻、のど (HEENT);首;胸;心血管;戻る。腹部。四肢。神経;筋骨格系;皮膚;胸に;泌尿生殖器;直腸;リンパ節;精神状態。コンポーネント間にかなりの重複があります。</li>
	<li>各コンポーネントの試験検査、パーカッション、触診、聴診、それぞれが別々 の動画で詳細に検討されての技術演習で構成されます。ベッドサイドの診断超音波などの新しいモダリティは、ますます身体検査に組み込まれています。</li>
	<li>患者の試験中に試験と主要な遷移ポイントを続行する許可を求める (例えば、「今では私は私が行うつもりを説明した、可能性があります開始試験?」「次たいとあなた心を調べる。")。</li>
</ol>
8. 臨床推論
<ol>
	<li>積極的に、審査官が特定の所見の有無が病気確率に与える影響に重量を量らなければなりません。経験豊富な臨床医は検査中にリアルタイムでこれを行います。</li>
	<li>試験中に発生した調査結果に基づいてアプローチの当初の計画を変更します。たとえば、肺の単純な聴診を実行する 1 つだけ計画が、一方ある特定の区域で減少した呼吸音の存在は専門にされた技術 (例えばegophony、声 fremitus) を活用する審査官を要求があります。</li>
	<li>(症状) の歴史の中に得られた情報の統合、物理 (標識) 通知管理で次の手順を実行します。特定の病気の確率が十分に高い場合は追加試験が意図的で賢明な方法で要求される処理を開始できます。</li>
</ol>
9. 終了試験
<ol>
	<li>試験の終了時に通常の衣類に戻す患者があります。</li>
	<li>患者はあなたのアドバイスや意見を提供する前に、もう一度服を着てまで待機するが最適です。</li>
</ol>

このビデオでは、発生する現代の患者の精密身体検査演劇役割を示し、試験は安全と機密の方法で実施されるようにするいくつかの重要なステップを検討しています。試験前に、の重要な準備は、患者とプロバイダーの不安と同様に、感染のリスクを減らすのに役立ちます。患者のプライバシーを確保し、敏感な方法でガウン、ドレープを使用してまた患者がより快適になります。意図的な臨床推論に接地されている試験方法は試験の予測値と効率を最適化するために貴重です。行われている演習に対する組織的なアプローチでは、不必要な患者の再配置の必要性を最小限に抑えます。実行する特定の操縦は臨床状況によって異なりますが、患者の快適性にこだわった明確なコミュニケーションを維持するために審査官の努力が変わらないように。
身体検査は千年間の患者のケアの重要な役割を果たしているし、技術の進歩に直面してもそうし続ける必要があります。過去 40 年間さまざまな臨床設定の複数の研究はその歴史を示しているし、物理だけで医師が正しい診断に時間の大部分を到着を許可します。他のほとんどすべての状況では、ベッドサイドで得られる情報は慎重に注文し、診断テスト...

身体検査の一般的なアプローチ

ソース:先週 S Talwalkar、モルドバ、内科・小児科、エール大学医学部、ニューヘブン、CT
体の検査は、医学の実践に不可欠です。ローマ帝国以来医師は体の特定の部分の機能の変化や特定の病気の状態の間の接続を記述した、ベッドサイドの診断を改善するためにさらに科学的な理解しようとしてきた。しかし、この現代の医療診断技術の向上で今日検診が果たす役割を考慮することが重要です。それは身体検査は、すべての答えを保持して高い点で開催以前特定の演習の疑わしいユーティリティについて多く書かれていることを信じるように見当違いであります。それはその身体検査は現代の患者の診療で小さな役割を果たしていることを示唆する均等に間違っています。
身体検査に残る貴重な診断ツール。身体診察によってのみ可能多くの診断があります。ラボまたは画像による診断は、ベッドサイドで検出結果の不在でほとんど行われます。プロバイダーでは、歴史と体育を実施していますと積極的に生成され、患者さんの状態を説明するための仮説をテストします。1 収集する情報は、テストの必要性を置き換えることはできませんが、しっかりした仮説を場所に置くことにより、テストをより慎重に注文し、それらのテストのより良い質問プロバイダー。これは、順番に、患者にリスクを軽減し、ヘルスケア ・ システムのコストを節約する可能性があります。最後に、身体検査は治療の関係で重要な役割を果たしています。身体検査の由緒ある儀式に従事、臨床医 (注意と感度を示す) が親密な関係を開発し、タッチの意図的な責任ある利用を治癒を促進する機会があります。

Source: Jaideep S. Talwalkar, MD, Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
The examination of the body is fundamental to ...

身体検査は、何世紀にもわたって医学の実践の基本でした。医療機器の大幅な進歩にもかかわらず、身体検査は依然として貴重な診断ツールであり、その重要性は誇張することはできません。医師が病歴を評価し、身体検査を行うと、確固たる仮説につながる情報が収集され、検査の注文とそれらの検査の分析に対するより賢明なアプローチが促進されます。これにより、患者のリスクと医療費が削減される可能性があります。このビデオでは、身体検査が安全で繊細な方法で行われるように、すべての医師が取るべき重要なステップのいくつかを説明します。身体検査は包括的または具体的である場合がありますが、各検査の前と中の全体的な手順は同じです。これらの手順を詳しく確認しましょう。まず、診察室は、検査中に使用される表面を消毒することにより、患者のために準備する必要があります。さらに、医師は、検査中に使用される可能性のある聴診器や反射ハンマーなどの機器を消毒する必要があります。毎回の検査の前に、石鹸と水で手を洗うか、局所消毒液を塗布してください。患者が既知の特定の感染症に罹患している場合は、必要な保護具を入手して管理予防策を講じる必要があります。手袋の袖口がガウンを覆って、皮膚が露出しないようにしてください。患者が部屋に着いたら、ドアをノックして、患者に部屋に入る許可を求めます。自己紹介とあなたの役割を紹介します。患者に付き添った家族や友人に部屋から出るように依頼してください。これは、患者様一人で話す大切な機会となります。診察室のカーテンが引かれ、ドアが閉まっていることを確認してください。患者と話している間、患者の健康に関して一般的な観察を行う必要があります。これらには、記載された年齢との外観の一貫性、全体的な健康状態、覚醒度、感情、思考内容と組織、および知覚が含まれます。この最初の会話の後、試験のどの側面が必要かを判断します。患者が計画された検査に適した服装をしていることを確認してください。必要に応じて、患者にガウンとドレープを提供し、着替える時間を与えます。しばらくしてからドアをノックし、患者に部屋に入る許可を求めてください。患者に診察台を占有するように依頼します。必要に応じて診察台の背面を調整して、操作を実行する能力を最適化します。身体検査は、一般的な調査、バイタルサインの測定、神経機能と精神状態の検査、頭、目、耳、鼻、喉、胸、肺、リンパ節、心血管、腹部、筋骨格、皮膚、泌尿生殖器、直腸の検査。泌尿生殖器、直腸、乳房の検査などのデリケートな検査を実施する場合は、付き添いが必要になる場合があります。実施される身体検査を患者に説明し、検査を続行する許可を求めます。「さて、これから何をするかを説明しましたので、試験を進めてもいいですか?」各試験は、検査、パーカッション、触診、聴診の技術を用いた操作で構成されており、このコレクションの個別のビデオでそれぞれについて詳しく説明しています。特定の位置で実行する必要がある操作をグループ化することにより、患者の再配置を最小限に抑えるように努める必要があります。検査が完了したら、患者に通常の服に戻すように依頼します。アドバイスや意見を述べる前に、患者が再び服を着るまで待つのが最適です。その後、特定の所見の有無が疾患の確率にどのように影響するかを比較検討し、患者の病歴と身体検査から得られた情報を統合することで、慎重かつ賢明な方法で治療を開始するか、追加の検査を注文するかを決定できます。あなたはちょうど身体検査への一般的なアプローチに関するJoVEのビデオを見ました。このビデオでは、現代の患者との出会いにおける身体検査の重要性をレビューし、検査が安全で繊細な方法で実施されるようにするためのいくつかの重要な手順を示しました。検査前の重要な準備ステップは、感染のリスクを減らすのに役立ち、実施される操作に対する組織的なアプローチにより、患者の不必要な体位変換の必要性が最小限に抑えられます。近年、医療費の抑制、患者の安全、サービスへのアクセスが重視されていることを考えると、身体検査は依然として安価で広く利用可能であり、副作用のリスクはほとんどありません。いつものように、ご覧いただきありがとうございます!

Education

JoVE Science Education

Clinical Skills

臨床技能

Physical Examinations I

身体診察 I

why physical exams still matter

Physical examination remains an important part of medicine. Doctors have used the body exam for centuries to connect changes in body function with disease. Even with modern imaging and lab tests, the bedside exam still helps clinicians understand what may be happening in the patient.

Physical examination is not a replacement for tests, and it does not answer every question. Some maneuvers that were once highly valued may have limited usefulness. Still, many conditions can only be found through physical examination, and diagnoses made with labs or imaging usually begin with findings from the bedside.

As a provider performs the history and physical, they form and check ideas, or hypotheses, about the patient’s condition. These ideas help guide which tests to order and which questions to ask next. That can make testing more focused, reduce risk for the patient, and help lower health care costs.

The physical exam also supports the therapeutic relationship. By using careful and respectful touch, the clinician can show attention and sensitivity. This process can build rapport and may help promote healing during the patient encounter.

Why Physical Exams Still Matter

general approach to the physical exam

Physical examination remains an important part of medicine. Doctors have used the body exam for centuries to connect changes in body function with disease. Even with modern imaging and lab tests, the bedside exam still helps clinicians understand what may be happening in the patient. Physical examination is not a replacement for tests, and it does not answer every question. Some maneuvers that were once highly valued may have limited usefulness. Still, many conditions can only be found through...

observation and inspection

Clinical Observation in Physical Exam

Clinical observation is the starting point of a physical examination and begins at the first contact with a patient. Observation is a broad term for using the senses carefully to gather information. Inspection is a narrower term. It refers to what can be seen with the eyes, especially on the surface of the body, rather than to behavior. Skilled clinicians use more than sight when they examine a patient. They also rely on touch, through palpation and percussion, and on hearing, through...

palpation

How Hand Position Guides Palpation

Palpation uses touch to collect diagnostic information during the physical exam. It is one of the ways a healthcare provider uses the senses to learn more about a patient. The part of the hand used for palpation changes depending on the body area being examined. Finger pads are best for fine detail. Their dense sensory nerves help the examiner feel small features, such as the borders of masses or lymph nodes. The back of the hand, also called the dorsal surface, gives a rough sense of relative...

percussion

Clinical Percussion and Body Sound

Clinical percussion uses tapping to create sound and help assess what lies beneath the body surface. It is a simple bedside technique that depends on the way sound changes when it travels through different tissues. The method began with Leopold Auenbrugger, an Austrian inn-keeper's son, who found that tapping beer barrels could help him take inventory. He later applied the same idea to patients in Vienna and published the first description of its diagnostic use in 1761. Jean-Nicolas Corvisart...

auscultation

Stethoscope Sounds in Clinical Exam

Auscultation is a clinical exam method that lets a provider listen to sounds inside the body. Doctors use it to gather important diagnostic information from the chest, heart, abdomen, and blood vessels. For many years, auscultation meant immediate auscultation. In that method, the examiner placed an ear directly on the patient's skin. This approach was used for centuries, but it became less useful in nineteenth-century France because of social norms and poor diagnostic yield. René Laënnec...

proper adjustment of patient attire during the physical exam

proper-adjustment-of-patient-attire-during-the-physical-exam

Draping for a Better Physical Exam

Draping is an important part of a careful physical exam. It helps the provider examine the right body area while also protecting patient modesty. Good draping takes practice because the examiner must balance exposure with comfort. Correct technique also improves the accuracy of the exam. Skin lesions can be missed if inspection is done through clothing. Lung crackles may be reported by mistake when the chest is examined through a T-shirt, and subtle heart findings can be missed when...

blood pressure measurement

Manual Blood Pressure Reading Steps

Blood pressure reading uses an indirect method to measure the pressure of blood against vessel walls. Blood pressure, or BP, is a vital sign that is checked routinely in hospital and outpatient settings. It is one of the most common medical assessments performed around the world. The indirect method is non-invasive, safe, and easily reproducible, so it is used most often. BP can be measured automatically by oscillometry or manually by auscultation. Auscultation uses a sphygmomanometer, which...

measuring vital signs

Vital Sign Ranges and Patient Status

Vital signs are objective measurements that show a patient’s clinical status. The commonly accepted vital signs are blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. In many practices, pain is also treated as the sixth vital sign and is documented with the others. Pain is different from the other vital signs because it is a subjective measurement. That means the pain scale can vary from one patient to another. A vital signs assessment includes heart rate, blood...

respiratory exam i: inspection and palpation

respiratory-exam-i-inspection-and-palpation

Checking Breathing Distress by Exam

Respiratory exam starts with looking for breathing distress and feeling the chest. Shortness of breath is a common reason for both outpatient and inpatient evaluation. Early inspection can reveal fast breathing or cyanosis, which is a bluish color change that can signal low oxygen. If a patient shows respiratory distress, the situation needs urgent attention and oxygen therapy. In many cases, careful clinical examination can help identify lung problems without relying only on tests. This is...

respiratory exam ii: percussion and auscultation

respiratory-exam-ii-percussion-and-auscultation

Respiratory Exam: Lung Sounds and Percussion

Respiratory exam skills include percussion and auscultation of the lungs. These techniques help identify lung problems during a physical exam. Percussion uses tapping to assess the chest, and auscultation uses a stethoscope to listen for breath sounds. Percussion is a useful skill that is often skipped in routine clinical practice. When it is done correctly, it can help a physician detect underlying lung pathology. Auscultation can also give an almost immediate clue to several acute pulmonary...

cardiac exam i: inspection and palpation

Cardiac Exam I: Checking the Chest First

Cardiac exam inspection and palpation are the first steps in a careful heart assessment. These steps help a physician gather useful information before using a stethoscope. They are part of the core examination performed when a patient is first seen. Heart and circulatory disorders are common reasons for hospital admission. They can include conditions such as myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. Because of this, learning a complete cardiac examination is important for any...

cardiac exam ii: auscultation

Listening for Normal and Abnormal Heart Sounds

Heart auscultation uses a stethoscope to listen to heart sounds and check for normal and abnormal patterns. For physicians, knowing how to hear these sounds and tell them apart is an essential skill. The sound heard at each spot on the chest relates to the closing of specific heart valves. The heart has two main sounds, called S1 and S2. S1 happens when the mitral and tricuspid valves, which are the atrioventricular valves, close after blood enters the ventricles. This marks the start of...

cardiac exam iii: abnormal heart sounds

Heart Murmurs and Gallop Sounds

Heart murmurs and gallop sounds are abnormal heart sounds that can be heard during auscultation, or listening to the heart with a stethoscope. A good understanding of normal heart sounds is the first step in telling normal sounds apart from abnormal ones. Murmurs usually have a swishing quality and point to turbulent blood flow across a heart valve. Murmurs can happen because a valve is too narrow, which is called stenosis, or because blood leaks backward across the valve, which is called...

peripheral vascular exam

Assessing PAD and Venous Signs

Peripheral vascular disease can affect blood flow in the arms and legs, and careful exam steps help reveal signs of disease. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is linked to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. Risk factors include diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and tobacco use. Symptoms may appear as limb claudication, which is cramp-like muscle pain that gets worse with activity and better with rest. Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) can cause lower extremity swelling,...

peripheral vascular exam using a continuous wave doppler

peripheral-vascular-exam-using-a-continuous-wave-doppler

Bedside Doppler for Leg Blood Flow Checks

Peripheral vascular disease affects the arteries and veins outside the heart, and it is common in older adults. History and physical exam can suggest the diagnosis, but Doppler ultrasound is now a routine part of the bedside vascular exam. This lesson focuses on bedside assessment of peripheral arterial disease and chronic venous insufficiency with a handheld continuous wave Doppler. A handheld Doppler is a simple tool that sends and receives ultrasound at the same time. It detects changes in...

physical examinations i

このコレクションは、血圧やバイタルサインの測定から、肺や心臓血管の理学的診断までの、健康診断の基礎となる技術を紹介しています。

Learn why the physical exam remains a key part of medicine, from bedside diagnosis and hypothesis testing to building patient trust and rapport.

Why Physical Exams Still Matter | JoVE K12

Jaideep Talwalkar

Internal Medicine

Yale School of Medicine

Overview

General Steps During Any Physical Examination

Summary

Characteristics of Life

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Cell Structure

Background
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Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
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Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
ExpandIn this experiment you will prepare different types of cells from a plant and animal, onion and human ...

What are Cells?

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term &#34;cell&#34; based on the ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

The Central Dogma

The DNA Helix

Nucleic Acids

DNA as a Genetic Template

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the ...

Chromosome Structure

Base-pairing and DNA Repair

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Protein and Protein Structures

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of ...

Protein Folding

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to ...

An Overview of Gene Expression

Gene expression is the complex process where a cell uses its genetic information to make functional products. This process is regulated at multiple ...

an-introduction-to-caenorhabditis-elegans

An Introduction to Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a microscopic, soil-dwelling roundworm that has been powerfully used as a model organism since the early 1970&rsquo;s.  It was ...

An Overview of Genetic Analysis

An organism&#8217;s physical traits, or phenotype, are a product of its genotype, which is the combination of alleles (gene variants) inherited from its ...

An Introduction to Cell Death

Necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death are all manners in which cells can die, and these mechanisms can be induced by different stimuli, such as ...

An Overview of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering &#8211; the process of purposefully altering an organism&#8217;s DNA &#8211; has been used to create powerful research tools and model ...

An Introduction to Cell Division

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides and gives rise to two or more daughter cells. It is a means of reproduction for single-cell ...

An Overview of Genetics and Disease

Many human diseases are associated with mutations or variations in genetic sequences. Some of these genetic variants are heritable, passed down from ...

an-introduction-to-cellular-and-molecular-neuroscience

An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience

Cellular and molecular neuroscience is one of the newest and fastest growing subdisciplines in neuroscience. By investigating the influences of genes, ...

Annexin V and Propidium Iodide Labeling

Staining with annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) provides researchers with a way to identify different types of cell death&#8212;either necrosis or ...

an-introduction-to-developmental-genetics

An Introduction to Developmental Genetics

Development is the complex process through which a single-celled embryo transforms into a multicellular organism. Developmental processes are guided by ...

Bacterial Transformation: Electroporation

The term &#x201C;transformation&#x201D; refers cellular ingestion of foreign DNA.  In nature, transformation can occur in certain types of bacteria.  In ...

an-introduction-to-molecular-developmental-biology

An Introduction to Molecular Developmental Biology

Molecular signals play a major role in the complex processes occurring during embryonic development. These signals regulate activities such as cell ...

bacterial-transformation-the-heat-shock-method

Bacterial Transformation: The Heat Shock Method

Transformation is the process that occurs when a cell ingests foreign DNA from its surroundings. Transformation can occur in nature in certain types of ...

an-introduction-to-saccharomyces-cerevisiae

An Introduction to Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (commonly known as baker&rsquo;s yeast) is a single-celled eukaryote that is frequently used in scientific research.  S. ...

Cell Cycle Analysis

Cell cycle refers to the set of events through which a cell grows, replicates its genome, and ultimately divides into two daughter cells through the ...

An Introduction to Transfection

Transfection is the process of inserting genetic material, such as DNA and double stranded RNA, into mammalian cells. The insertion of DNA into a cell ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Histones are proteins that help organize DNA in eukaryotic nuclei by serving as &#8220;scaffolds&#8221; around which DNA can be wrapped, forming a complex ...

An Overview of Epigenetics

Since the early days of genetics research, scientists have noted certain heritable phenotypic differences that are not due to differences in the ...

community-dna-extraction-from-bacterial-colonies

Community DNA Extraction from Bacterial Colonies

Source: Laboratories of Dr. Ian Pepper and Dr. Charles Gerba - The University of Arizona
Demonstrating Author: Luisa Ikner
Traditional methods of analysis ...

Cytogenetics

Cytogenetics is the field of study devoted to chromosomes, and involves the direct observation of a cell&#8217;s chromosomal number and structure, ...

embryonic-stem-cell-culture-and-differentiation

Embryonic Stem Cell Culture and Differentiation

Culturing embryonic stem (ES) cells requires conditions that maintain these cells in an undifferentiated state to preserve their capacity for self-renewal ...

DNA Gel Electrophoresis

DNA gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the detection and separation of DNA molecules. An electric field is applied to a gel matrix comprised of ...

Enzyme Assays and Kinetics

Enzyme kinetics describes the catalytic effects of enzymes, which are biomolecules that facilitate chemical reactions necessary for living organisms. ...

DNA Ligation Reactions

In molecular biology, ligation refers to the joining of two DNA fragments through the formation of a phosphodiester bond.  An enzyme known as a ligase ...

explant-culture-for-developmental-studies

Explant Culture for Developmental Studies

Explant culture is a technique in which living cells or tissues are removed from an embryo for continued development outside of the organism. This ex vivo ...

DNA Methylation Analysis

Methylation at CpG dinucleotides is a chemical modification of DNA hypothesized to play important roles in regulating gene expression. In particular, the ...

Expression Profiling with Microarrays

Microarrays are important tools for profiling gene expression, and are based on complementary binding between probes that are attached to glass chips and ...

Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation

Density gradient ultracentrifugation is a common technique used to isolate and purify biomolecules and cell structures. This technique exploits the fact ...

F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)

F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a phenomenon used to investigate close-range biochemical interactions. In FRET, a donor photoluminescent ...

detecting-environmental-microorganisms-with-polymerase-chain-reaction

Detecting Environmental Microorganisms with the Polymerase Chain Reaction and Gel Electrophoresis

Source: Laboratories of Dr. Ian Pepper and Dr. Charles Gerba - Arizona University
Demonstrating Author: Bradley Schmitz
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is ...

Gel Purification

Gel purification is used to recover DNA fragments after electrophoretic separation. DNA recovery from an agarose gel includes three basic steps: binding, ...

Detecting Reactive Oxygen Species

Reactive oxygen species are chemically active, oxygen-derived molecules capable of oxidizing other molecules. Because of their reactive nature, there are ...

Gene Silencing with Morpholinos

Morpholino-mediated gene silencing is a common technique used to study roles of specific genes during development. Morpholinos inhibit gene expression by ...

development-and-reproduction-of-the-laboratory-mouse

Development and Reproduction of the Laboratory Mouse

Successful breeding of the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) is critical to the establishment and maintenance of a productive animal colony. Additionally, ...

Genetic Crosses

To dissect genetic processes or create organisms with novel suites of traits, scientists can perform genetic crosses, or the purposeful mating of two ...

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.

HS-LS1-1.

Why Physical Exams Still Matter

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