Name: cardiac exam i: checking the chest first
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:37:11.000Z
Duration: 7 min 39 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.38

Cardiac Exam I: Inspection and Palpation

1. はじめに
<ol>
	<li>いつものように、すべての患者を調べる前に石鹸と水で十分に手を洗ってたり、抗菌洗浄ときれいな。</li>
	<li>診察室を入力し、患者、心臓検査を行うしようとしていることを説明するのに自分自身を紹介します。</li>
</ol>
2. 位置決め
<ol>
	<li>患者の服を脱ぎ腰 (女性の下着を維持する) までがあります。</li>
	<li>30-45 度の角度で診察台に患者を置き、右側から患者へのアプローチします。</li>
	<li>まず患者の一般的な一見があります。患者が快適かどうか、遭難に注意してください。</li>
</ol>
3. 末梢検査
<ol>
	<li>患者を彼/彼女の手を保持し、次の評価を求めます。<ol>
		<li>毛細血管リフィル: 最初指で患者のサムネイルを患者さんの指を親指の反対側を押しながらキーを押します。爪の下の皮膚が白く (白い色を変える)。赤に戻るためにかかる時間の量を測定します。これは、良好な末梢循環を示す 2 秒未満をする必要があります。</li>
		<li>クラブ、爪と爪床間の角度の減少として定義されています。右-左シャント疾患や細菌性心内膜炎 (心臓弁の感染) の徴候であることができますクラブ: 両方のサムネイルを側置く患者を求めます。内側にダイヤモンドの形を形成するかどうかに注意してください。クラブが存在する場合、これは発生しません。</li>
		<li>細菌性心内膜炎の兆候: スプリンターセルの出血 (爪の下に小さな赤い出血)、オスラー結節 (指の両端に多い痛み赤い丘疹)、ジェインウェイ病変 (無痛赤斑、ヤシの木に多い)。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>人差し指と、中指の橈骨動脈の波形を触診し、分、リズムの規則性、ボリューム、および文字あたりの評価。音量が小さいまたはかすかなパルスは、敗血症などの低流量状態のサインです。異常に強い「境界」パルスは、貧血、うっ血性心不全などの条件で見つけることができます。</li>
	<li>黄色腫の預金の肘近くなることがありますし、高脂血症のサインをすることができます腕の皮膚を調べます。</li>
	<li>心臓病の兆候の患者の頭部を点検しなさい。<ol>
		<li>ド ミュッセ記号: 大動脈弁閉鎖不全に関連付けられている「ボビング」頭の動き。</li>
		<li>頬フラッシュ: フラッシュまたは赤顔外観僧帽弁狭窄症を示す。</li>
		<li>角膜アーカス、高脂血症のサインは、角膜のまわりのグレー ホワイト変色のため角膜を検査します。</li>
		<li>全身性黄色腫として知られている黄色のコレステロールの沈殿物のため目の周りの皮膚を検査します。</li>
		<li>網膜症 (多くの場合発生する心血管疾患と糖尿病)、ロート斑 (薄い中心網膜出血細菌性心内膜炎で発生する) の眼底を検査します。</li>
		<li>口を開き、舌を出す患者を求めます。舌の色は、ピンク ・赤をする必要があります。青みがかった変色する場合、これは中心性チアノーゼの兆候です。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>あなたの最初の 2 つの指で軽く頸動脈の脈拍を触診し、ボリュームとパルスの文字を評価します。低速上昇パルスは、大動脈弁狭窄症のサインです。</li>
	<li>頸の静脈圧力 (JVP) は、右心房圧の自然の圧力計をうっ血性心不全で上昇です。<ol>
		<li>患者ながら左に頭を向ける患者を求める、人民解放戦線 JVP の測定には、45 度に配置されます。</li>
		<li>胸鎖乳突 (胸骨頭と鎖骨頭) の 2 頭の間右内頚静脈からダブル脈動観察します。時々 薄い患者に見られる頚動脈パルスが単一の脈動、触知、頸静脈の拍動ではないです。</li>
		<li>ルイ (胸骨柄結合)、右のアトリウムの中央より上約 5 cm に位置する角度を探します。</li>
		<li>内頸静脈の拍動を見ることができる最高点から水平方向に長い長方形のオブジェクト (紙カード) などを拡張します。</li>
		<li>垂直方向に配置された定規を使ってカードにルイの角度から距離を測定し、その数値に 5 cm (ルイの角度から右心房までの距離) を追加することによって、人民解放戦線 JVP を計算します。</li>
		<li>内頸静脈を可視化する別の方法は、肋骨の縁のすぐ下、腹部の右上腹部にそっと押すことです。この演習は、いわゆる hepatojugular 逆流 (血液は右心房に腹部血管からシフト) を誘導します。通常、人民解放戦線 JVP の一時的な増加が減少する前に見られます。人民解放戦線 JVP の持続的な増加は、うっ血性心不全や三尖弁閉鎖不全症と収縮性心膜炎などの他の条件に見られます。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. 胸部検査
<ol>
	<li>任意の目に見える傷跡の胸部の前方と後方を確認します。(冠動脈のバイパス手術や大動脈弁手術) 胸骨正中切開傷の証拠を探します。左の乳首の下より横方向の傷跡は前の僧帽弁手術の表してでしょう。</li>
</ol>
5. 触診
<ol>
	<li>尖拍動、最大の衝動 (PMI) のポイントとして知られているは、左心下端に対応します。心臓のインパルスを感じることができる最も劣ると水平位置です。<ol>
		<li>鎖骨ラインで第 5 肋でカウント ダウン 2 番目の肋間スペースからルイの角度に隣接する PMI を探します。</li>
		<li>最初の 2 つの指で触診しなさい。</li>
		<li>これが触診することができない場合は、彼/彼女の左の側にある患者を求めます。尖拍動は、心臓が拡大 (肥大) の場合横方向に避難されます。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>次に、隆起およびスリル (スリルは明白な雑音) の触診します。<ol>
		<li>4 心拍ゾーン、precordium にし、左と右胸の上部の壁のそれぞれにあなたの手の手のひらを配置します。振動またはあなたの手の下にブザーのようなスリルを感じています。</li>
		<li>左の胸骨端にあなたの手を配置します。胸骨隆起は右心室の拡大の印であり、手の下で「リフト感」のような感じ。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
6. 心のパーカッション
<ol>
	<li>異なり、他の多くの試験では、打楽器はほとんど心臓システムの採用します。ただし、数世代前、医師だろう使用してパーカッション中心のボーダーの心肥大の評価。</li>
</ol>
7 その他の検査と触診
<ol>
	<li>お互いに平行に置かれた両方の手を使用して腹部の正中線に腹部大動脈瘤の触診します。</li>
	<li>足を見て、浮腫の兆候の評価。</li>
	<li>大腿骨周辺のパルスを感じる膝窩、前脛骨、および背足の場所。</li>
</ol>

大量の臨床情報は、徹底した包括的な検査と心臓系の触診で得られるものです。審査官は、患者が可能性が条件、心房細動、心臓弁膜症、心肥大、高脂血症、細菌性心内膜炎などを含む数を持っているかどうかを伝えることができるはず。残念ながら、日常臨床の中に手順がしばしば省略またはスキップします。完全な検査技術を学ぶことによって医療従事者は、彼らが見るより多くの心臓病理学、臨床スキルを構築するための強固な基盤を得る。心血管系の段階的なファッションを経て医師も患者の聴診器を配置する前に診断につながります。

心臓試験 i: 検査と触診

ソース: Suneel Dhand、MD、医師、内科、ベス イスラエス ディーコネス メディカル センターに参加
心機能に対する効果はほぼすべての医師によって実行されるコア試験の患者に出会う。心臓系の疾患は、心筋梗塞からうっ血性心不全に至るまでの条件で入院の最も一般的な理由の中で。すべての医師のために重大つまり完全かつ徹底的な心臓検査を学習します。
心臓や循環器系の病変がある場合の結果も肺、腹部、足など他の身体部分で明らかにされことができます。心臓試験を実行するとき、多くの医師は、聴診器のためにまっすぐ本能的に達する。ただし、審査、検査と触診で始まる正しい順序を経由して聴診の前に大量の情報が得られます。

Source: Suneel Dhand, MD, Attending Physician, Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
The cardiac assessment is one of the core ...

心臓評価は、すべての医師が患者に遭遇するたびに行う主要な身体検査の1つです。心臓系が適切に機能することは生活に不可欠であり、それに関連する障害は、世界中で入院する最も一般的な理由の一つです。したがって、完全かつ徹底的な心臓検査の実施方法を学ぶことは、臨床医にとって非常に重要です。多くの医師は、心臓検査を行うときに本能的に聴診器にまっすぐ手を伸ばします。しかし、聴診前には徹底的な検査や触診を行うことで多くの情報を得ることができます。このビデオでは、心臓検査のこれら2つの側面について詳しく説明します。心臓系評価のための検査と触診の一連のステップと、期待される所見を見ていきましょう。試験前には、手をよく洗ってください。部屋に入ったら、患者に自己紹介をし、実行する手順を簡単に説明します。患者に腰まで服を脱いでもらいます。30-45の位置にある診察台に横になるように指示しますか?角度をつけて、右側から患者に近づきます。まず、周辺を検査します。患者に片手を上げてもらい、親指の親指を押して、爪床が湯通しするのを見てください。次に、圧力を解放し、赤に戻るのにかかる時間を見積もります。これは毛細血管の補充時間であり、末梢循環の指標として機能します。毛細血管補充テストに続いて、爪のクラブをチェックするために、親指の親指を並べて置くように患者に指示します。ひし形の開口部が形成されているため、クラブがないことに注意してください。開口部が形成されていない場合は、右から左へのシャント病や細菌性心内膜炎などの慢性低酸素状態の存在を示唆している可能性があります。細菌性心内膜炎の他の兆候を調べるには、破片出血と呼ばれる爪の下の赤い出血を調べます。次に、指の端に痛みを伴う赤い丘疹であるオスラーの結節を探します。また、手のひらに痛みのない赤い斑点であるジェインウェイ病変が見えるかどうかも確認してください。手首に移動し、人差し指と中指で放射状脈拍を触診し、脈拍数、リズム規則性、脈拍量、性格を評価します。次に、腕、特に肘の近くの皮膚を検査し、高脂血症の兆候である黄色がかった沈着物として知られる黄色がかった沈着物を探します。末梢を検査した後、患者の頭にド・ミュッセの兆候がないか検査します。これは、心拍と同期してリズミカルな頭のうなずきで表されます。これは大動脈弁逆流に関連しています。患者の顔に、僧帽弁狭窄症を示す赤い顔の外観であるMalar flushを確認してください。次に、キサンテラスマとして知られる黄色いコレステロール沈着物がないか、目の周りの皮膚を検査します。次に、角膜に角膜弓(高脂血症を示す灰白色の変色)を調べます。顔面検査を終えるには、患者に口を開けて舌を突き出すように依頼します。チアノーゼをチェックするための色に注意してください。首の領域に進みます。まず、気管のすぐ隣にあり、下顎骨の角度から約2 cm下に感じることができる頸動脈を触診します。最初の2本の指でこの場所をそっと押し、脈拍の量と特性を評価します。その後、頸静脈圧またはJVPを測定します。そのためには、右内頸静脈と、manubriosternal関節で形成される前角であるAngle of Louisを見つける必要があります。内頸静脈は、胸鎖乳突筋の胸骨と鎖骨の2つの頭の間を走り、鎖骨が下端にある三角形を形成しています。この静脈を見つけるには、患者に頭を左に向けるように依頼します。右内頸静脈によって生成される二重脈動を観察します。次に、触診によって、右心房の中心から約5 cm上、2番目の肋間腔の隣にあるルイの角度を見つけます。ルイの角度を特定したら、紙のカードなどの長い長方形の物体を、内頸静脈の脈動が見える最高点から水平に伸ばし、定規を使用してルイの角度から紙のカードまでの距離をcm単位で測定します。測定された距離に 5 を足した値は JVP に等しく、通常は 6 から 8 です。JVP測定後、患者の胸部を前方および後方に検査し、以前の心臓手術を示す目に見える傷跡がないか確認します。次のステップは、最大インパルスまたはPMIのポイントを見つけることです。Angle of Louis を基準点として、5 番目の肋間腔までカウントダウンして、鎖骨中央線の PMI を触診します。座った状態で触診できない場合は、患者に左側に横たわるように依頼してから触診します。心肥大の場合、頂点の拍動は横方向に変位することに注意してください。次に、手のひらを使って、前胸部の4つの心臓ゾーンと、左上と右上の胸壁を触診します。手の下の振動やブーンという音に注意してください。これはスリルを示している可能性があります。胸部触診を完了するには、左胸骨の端に手を置きます。手の下に「持ち上げ感」を感じる場合は、右心室拡大の兆候である胸骨傍隆起を示しています。胸部から下に移動し、互いに平行に配置された両手を使用して、正中線の動脈瘤のために腹部を触診します。次に、浮腫の兆候がないか脚を検査して触診します。最後に、大腿骨、膝窩、後脛骨、および背筋の位置で末梢パルスを感じます。これで、心臓検査の検査と触診の側面は終わりです。JoVEの心臓系の検査と触診に関するビデオをご覧になりました。臨床医がこれらすべてのステップを慎重、正確、かつ徹底的な方法で実行すれば、かなりの量の臨床情報を得ることができます。完全な検査技術を学ぶことにより、医療専門家は、心臓の病理を事前に予測するための臨床スキルを構築するための強固な基盤を得ることができます。いつものように、ご覧いただきありがとうございます!

Education

JoVE Science Education

Clinical Skills

臨床技能

Physical Examinations I

身体診察 I

cardiac exam i: checking the chest first

Cardiac exam inspection and palpation are the first steps in a careful heart assessment. These steps help a physician gather useful information before using a stethoscope. They are part of the core examination performed when a patient is first seen.

Heart and circulatory disorders are common reasons for hospital admission. They can include conditions such as myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. Because of this, learning a complete cardiac examination is important for any practicing physician.

A heart problem may also show signs in other parts of the body. Changes can appear in the lungs, abdomen, and legs. That is why the exam starts with looking and feeling, not with listening right away.

Cardiac Exam I: Checking the Chest First

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cardiac exam i: inspection and palpation

Cardiac exam inspection and palpation are the first steps in a careful heart assessment. These steps help a physician gather useful information before using a stethoscope. They are part of the core examination performed when a patient is first seen. Heart and circulatory disorders are common reasons for hospital admission. They can include conditions such as myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. Because of this, learning a complete cardiac examination is important for any...

cardiac exam ii: auscultation

Listening for Normal and Abnormal Heart Sounds

Heart auscultation uses a stethoscope to listen to heart sounds and check for normal and abnormal patterns. For physicians, knowing how to hear these sounds and tell them apart is an essential skill. The sound heard at each spot on the chest relates to the closing of specific heart valves. The heart has two main sounds, called S1 and S2. S1 happens when the mitral and tricuspid valves, which are the atrioventricular valves, close after blood enters the ventricles. This marks the start of...

cardiac exam iii: abnormal heart sounds

Heart Murmurs and Gallop Sounds

Heart murmurs and gallop sounds are abnormal heart sounds that can be heard during auscultation, or listening to the heart with a stethoscope. A good understanding of normal heart sounds is the first step in telling normal sounds apart from abnormal ones. Murmurs usually have a swishing quality and point to turbulent blood flow across a heart valve. Murmurs can happen because a valve is too narrow, which is called stenosis, or because blood leaks backward across the valve, which is called...

peripheral vascular exam

Assessing PAD and Venous Signs

Peripheral vascular disease can affect blood flow in the arms and legs, and careful exam steps help reveal signs of disease. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is linked to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. Risk factors include diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and tobacco use. Symptoms may appear as limb claudication, which is cramp-like muscle pain that gets worse with activity and better with rest. Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) can cause lower extremity swelling,...

peripheral vascular exam using a continuous wave doppler

peripheral-vascular-exam-using-a-continuous-wave-doppler

Bedside Doppler for Leg Blood Flow Checks

Peripheral vascular disease affects the arteries and veins outside the heart, and it is common in older adults. History and physical exam can suggest the diagnosis, but Doppler ultrasound is now a routine part of the bedside vascular exam. This lesson focuses on bedside assessment of peripheral arterial disease and chronic venous insufficiency with a handheld continuous wave Doppler. A handheld Doppler is a simple tool that sends and receives ultrasound at the same time. It detects changes in...

physical examinations i

このコレクションは、血圧やバイタルサインの測定から、肺や心臓血管の理学的診断までの、健康診断の基礎となる技術を紹介しています。

Learn why inspection and palpation come first in a cardiac exam, and how these early steps can reveal signs of heart and circulatory problems.

Cardiac Exam I: Checking the Chest First | JoVE K12

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-3.

Suneel Dhand

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Overview

Steps for Cardiac Inspection and Palpation

Summary

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, ...

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10647.jpg

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into ...

Eukaryotic Evolution

The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the ...

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term &#34;cell&#34; based on the ...

Chemistry of the Cell

The cell is chemically composed of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions.
Water
The polarity of the water molecule and its resulting hydrogen ...

Describe the scientific theory of cells (cell theory) and relate the history of its discovery to the process of science.

SC.912.L.14.1

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (&#x3BC;m)and are considerably smaller than most ...

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry ...

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains&#x2014;Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Microtubules

There are three types of cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells&#x2014;microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. With a diameter of ...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration&#x2014;the ...

Gap Junctions

Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between ...

The Extracellular Matrix

In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, ...

Tissues

Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

Plant Cell Wall

The plant cell wall gives plant cells shape, support, and protection. As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to the cell type. For ...

Plasmodesmata

The organs in a multicellular organism&#x2019;s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way ...

What are Membranes?

A key characteristic of life is the ability to separate the external environment from the internal space. To do this, cells have evolved semi-permeable ...

Membrane Fluidity

Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are ...

Fluid Mosaic Model

The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of ...

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ...

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients&#x2014;requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as ...

Osmosis

Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of ...

Tonicity in Animals

The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for ...

Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity ...

Introduction to Membrane Proteins

The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the ...

Facilitated Transport

The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and ...

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or ...

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this ...

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a process through which bulk amounts of specific molecules can be imported into a cell after binding to cell ...

Pinocytosis

Cells use energy-requiring bulk transport mechanisms to transfer large particles, or large amounts of small particles, into or out of the cell. The cells ...

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (&#x201C;cellular ...

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.

While endocytosis takes particles ...

Relate structure to function for the components of plant and animal cells. Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (passive and active transport).

SC.912.L.14.2

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Compare and contrast the general structures of plant and animal cells. Compare and contrast the general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

SC.912.L.14.3

Overview of Microscopy Techniques

The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern ...

Introduction to Light Microscopy

The light microscope is an instrument used by researchers in many different fields to magnify specimens to as much as a thousand times their original ...

Overview of Electron Microscopy

The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can ...

phase-contrast-and-differential-interference-contrast-microscopy

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular ...

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability ...

Introduction to Fluorescence Microscopy

Fluorescence microscopy is a very powerful analytical tool that combines the magnifying properties of light microscopy with visualization of fluorescence. ...

Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread ...

Compare and contrast structure and function of various types of microscopes.

SC.912.L.14.4

comparing-mitochondrial-chloroplast-and-prokaryotic-genomes

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new ...

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-eukaryotes

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

The &#8220;tree of life&#8221; describes the evolution of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The root of the tree is the common ...

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They ...

Explain the evidence supporting the scientific theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells (endosymbiosis).

SC.912.L.14.5

An Overview of Genetics and Disease

Many human diseases are associated with mutations or variations in genetic sequences. Some of these genetic variants are heritable, passed down from ...

Factors Affecting Illness

When a person&#39;s physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal ...

Gene-Environment Interactions

Gene expression is influenced by environmental factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress.
The range of reaction suggests ...

Dimensions of Health and Illness

The factors influencing the health-illness continuum can be internal or external and may or may not be under conscious control. They are related to the ...

Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health.

SC.912.L.14.6

A. Cells have characteristic structures and functions that make them distinctive.

B. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and homeostasis.

C. Life can be organized in a functional and structural hierarchy ranging from cells to the biosphere.

D. Most multicellular organisms are composed of organ systems whose structures reflect their particular function.

Cardiac Exam I: Checking the Chest First

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