Name: clinical observation in physical exam
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:40:12.000Z
Duration: 5 min 2 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Life Science

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-3.

Observation and Inspection

観測は、臨床の出会い中に継続的なプロセスとして発生します。手順で表示されている項目の多くは通常同時に行われます、機会が自分自身を提示するとき。プロシージャは観察のコンポーネントがハイライトされますが、優先順を示唆するものではありません。
1. 一般調査
<ol>
	<li>患者の健康の一般的な状態に注意してください。記載されている年齢と一致して患者の外観ですか。フィットと健康または弱い虚弱に表示される患者か。</li>
	<li>(例えば、目を覚まし、警告、または眠い) 意識のレベルに注意してください。</li>
	<li>痛みの兆候を確認します。顔の表情、守られた動き、発汗などに注意してください。</li>
	<li>呼吸困難の徴候を観察します。患者は苦もなく完全な文章で話すことができるか。患者の"tripoding"(サポートされている腕を前方に傾いて) とは呼吸筋の表示されているアクセサリーを使用されているか。</li>
	<li>精神的苦痛の兆候を確認します。患者の過度にそわそわ、一般化された精神運動の減速、または泣いているですか。眼との接触は適切か。</li>
	<li>衣類、宝石類、入れ墨、グルーミング、衛生、および患者さんの医療、社会的で、感情的な状況に洞察力を提供するかもしれない他の機能メモしておきます。</li>
	<li>皮膚病変、脂肪分布の異常、聴覚障害、筋萎縮、悪臭などの一般的な観測で明白であるかもしれない病理学の兆候に注意してください。</li>
</ol>
2 器官特定の観察
身体検査の残りの中にアクティブな観測は、各臓器の検査で行われます。いくつかの器官のシステム検査装置 (例えば耳鏡、検眼鏡) の使用が必要です。詳細は各器官系のビデオを参照してください。
3. 皮膚試験
詳細な検査は、皮膚試験の主要なコンポーネントです。完全な皮膚試験には、すべての前方、後方、左右の身体の表面や粘膜の検査が含まれています。特定の領域の検査では、実行する試験のための操作が必要です。これらの区域は、パンヌス、殿裂、膣粘膜、性器の表面を基になる肌、髪、頭皮、乳様突起、耳介後部、外部聴覚運河、鼻孔、腋窩、爪、眼瞼結膜、口腔粘膜、胸の下の側面を含みます。
<ol>
	<li>皮膚や粘膜を検討した各サイトでの色に注意してください。共通の所見は、ハイポ- またはハイパー色素沈着、蒼白 (眼瞼結膜、手のひらや足の裏、nailbeds)、チアノーゼ (nailbeds、唇および口周囲)、黄疸 (強膜、皮膚、および粘膜) の分野を含めます。</li>
	<li>検討した各サイトでも水和 (乾燥または油性)、膨圧、および皮膚の質感の度に注意してください。</li>
</ol>
4. 精神状態試験
<ol>
	<li>患者さんの外観と動作の姿勢、ドレス、顔の表情、運動、癖、物理的特性などを観察し、試験中に寄せられる質問への反応。</li>
	<li>流暢さ、レート、および音声のボリュームに注意してください。</li>
	<li>患者の影響を与える、範囲、妥当性、強度、機能などを評価します。審査官の影響の客観的な評価は、直接問い合わせを介して得られる気分の患者の主観的な報告と比較する必要があります。</li>
	<li>組織のレベル、tangentiality、緩い連合、「アイデアのフライト」の存在などの要素で構成されている患者さんの思考プロセスを評価</li>
	<li>これら通常観察だけ、まで完了しないと特定の質問が必要になることがあります患者さんの思想的な内容や、知覚を評価します。強迫観念、不安、恐怖、体中古占領、妄想、思想的な内容を網羅して参照迫害のアイデア、影響を与えます。認識は、幻覚、解消の実現、およびパーソナル化の解消に含まれます。</li>
	<li>患者の認知機能に注意してください。注意、向き、記憶、判断、洞察力の異常への糸口は、審査官が特定の質問の使用はそれを探しますに同調し、検証済み機器の赤字を定量化する必要がある場合に現れることができます。</li>
	<li>自殺の homicidality を評価する具体的な質問を使用します。</li>
</ol>
5 補助的な観測
<ol>
	<li>特定の試験場所は、患者のソーシャル ・ サポート、関心事、およびライフ スタイルについて学ぶ機会を提供します。彼らは数以上の時間 (例えば病室、特別養護老人ホーム、ホーム) の占領領域の患者を訪問するときは、患者の役割以外の患者さんの生活の理解を得るために飾り、摘み取るカード、家族の写真、書籍等の存在 (か不在) に注意してください。</li>
	<li>家族や友人は患者が存在する場合は、対人関係のダイナミクスを観察します。観察のためこの機会では、患者さんに関する重要な情報を提供しています。家族は患者の話しますか。家族の一員に質問に応答する前に患者の表情をか</li>
	<li>これは精神医学の病気の面で特に、診断に有用証明するかもしれないように、患者の存在下で感じている方法に注意を払います。プロバイダーは逆転移の落とし穴に注意する必要がありますあなたの患者をトリガー フィーリングは典型的なまたは簡単に説明ではない場合、患者さんの精神的な健康状態の基になる説明があります。たとえば、遭遇の間に、臨床医の悲しみのらしからぬ感じは大鬱病性障害の診断を考慮する臨床医をつながる可能性があります。</li>
</ol>

観察は、患者との接触の最初のポイントで始まる発生する患者の重要なコンポーネントです。観測は検査中に 1 つの感覚を使用して得られる情報に関連し、身体所見として行動、状況、および補助的な観測が含まれます。すべての患者の診療の一部をする必要があります一般的な調査観測値の特定のセットになります。追加の意見は、身体検査、皮膚の検査の一括会計検査での各臓器固有の部分で発生します。患者の直接観察に加えて抜け目のない臨床医は、患者の環境、社会的な関係、良い患者のケアの一環として、それらの患者を呼び起こす可能性があります感情の情報に出席します。

観察・検査

ソース:先週 S Talwalkar、モルドバ、内科・小児科、エール大学医学部、ニューヘブン、CT
観察、検査、身体検査の基本である、患者との接触の最初のポイントから始まります。観察と検査が同じ意味で用い観察は慎重に使用する情報を得るために 1 つの感覚を指す一般的な用語。検査は、1 つの視覚的に観察することが、行動ではなく、体の表面の所見には通常、身体検査に言及するときに限られた行為です。熟練した臨床医は、主に患者、ビジョン、タッチ (パーカッション、触診) に頼ると聞いて (打診と聴診) の把握を支援するために彼らの感覚すべてを利用します。匂いも (例えば、個人の衛生状態、物質使用、または代謝性疾患) 患者の遭遇の間に重要な診断情報を提供できます。幸いなことに好みの感覚はその糖尿病は尿の甘い味で多くの世紀の診断された注意してくださいに興味深いものであるが、医学では、主として歴史的遺物であります。体験では、臨床医はのみ得られる臨床スキルの意図的な実践を通して患者の何千もの長年にわたって重要なシックス センス - 本能 - を開発します。臨床医の本能は、主にベッドサイドの観測に基づいて、深刻な病気の強力な予測する示されています。このビデオおよび臨床スキルのビデオ コレクションの他は、この習得のレベルを学習するための方法の手順です。

Source: Jaideep S. Talwalkar, MD, Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
Observation and inspection is fundamental to ...

観察と検査は、あらゆる臨床検査の基本です。一般的な観察は、患者との最初の接触点から始まり、患者との会話をしているだけでも、臨床上の出会いを通じて継続します。検査はより目標指向型であり、皮膚、目、耳などの特定の身体部分を検査しながら視覚的に観察できるものに限定され、時には特殊な機器の助けを借りて行われます。ここでは、臨床が各臨床遭遇時に実施することを考慮すべき一般的な観察結果を示し、その後、目視検査ステップに関連するいくつかの考慮事項を示します。まず、臨床医が患者と会う際に留意すべき一般的な観察手順を見ていきましょう。これらの観察は、検査中いつでも行うことができます。最初の会話で、患者が自分の病気を説明するときは、身体の健康状態に注意し、「患者の外見は記載された年齢と一致しているか」と自問してください。患者は健康で健康に見えますか、それとも弱くて虚弱に見えますか?患者は目を覚まし、警戒しているのか、それとも眠気に襲われているのか?」同時に、彼らの精神状態と影響を測定し、彼らの思考が整理されているかどうかを調べます。会話中、医師は患者の思考内容と認識を評価することもできます。さらに、過度のそわそわや不適切なアイコンタクトなどの精神的苦痛の兆候を探します。また、患者様の前での気持ちにも注意を払いましょう、これは診断に役立つかもしれません。臨床医の特徴のない悲しみ感は、大うつ病性障害の診断を検討することにつながる可能性があります。さらに、会話中は、顔の表情を見て、患者が警戒した動きや発汗などの自律神経の兆候を示しているかどうかに注意して、痛みの兆候を観察します。また、患者の衛生状態、衣服、化粧などに注意して、診断に役立つ可能性のある追加の手がかりを見つけてください。さらに、呼吸困難の兆候を探します。患者が完全な文章で問題なく話すかどうかに注意してください。患者が腕を支えて前かがみになっている「三脚」をしているかどうかを観察します。呼吸困難の場合によく見られる、目に見える呼吸補助筋が使用されている場合は注意してください。まとめると、これらの単純な観察は、患者の身体的および精神的状態についての実質的な洞察を提供し、彼らの病気の診断に役立ちます。一般的な観察について理解したところで、包括的で臓器固有の身体検査に不可欠な検査について見てみましょう。まず、患者様に検査の目的を説明し、同意を得てください。これは、先述したように、体の表面を目視で観察し、異常がないか確認することです。包括的な皮膚検査では、体の前部、外側、後部のすべての表面と粘膜の検査が必要です。検査した各部位の皮膚または粘膜の色に注意してください。一般的な所見には、色素沈着低下または色素沈着過剰、蒼白、チアノーゼ、黄疸の領域が含まれます。また、水分補給、膨満感、テクスチャーの程度もチェックします。ほとんどの検査では、肉眼で体表面のさまざまな領域を鋭く観察します。肉眼ではアクセスできない構造物の検査には、特別な機器が必要になる場合があります。例えば、耳鏡は鼓膜の検査に必要です。体の一部の領域は、操作による検査が必要です。同様に、頭皮の検査では、医師が患者の髪の毛を操作して表面を露出させなければならない場合があります。検査した各部位の検査結果に注意し、観察結果や患者の病歴と組み合わせて病気を予測できます。すべての検査の終わりに、患者の協力に感謝します。JoVEのビデオをご覧になったばかりですが、これは患者様との対面における一般的な観察と検査に関するものです。全体として、観察スキルと検査スキルは臨床診断において重要な役割を果たします。ここでは、すべての臨床上の出会いの一部であるべき特定の観察結果のセットをレビューしました。さらに、身体検査の重要な側面であり、ベッドサイドでの診断に役立つ検査についても話し合いました。いつものように、ご覧いただきありがとうございます!

Education

JoVE Science Education

Clinical Skills

臨床技能

Physical Examinations I

身体診察 I

clinical observation in physical exam

Clinical observation is the starting point of a physical examination and begins at the first contact with a patient. Observation is a broad term for using the senses carefully to gather information. Inspection is a narrower term. It refers to what can be seen with the eyes, especially on the surface of the body, rather than to behavior.

Skilled clinicians use more than sight when they examine a patient. They also rely on touch, through palpation and percussion, and on hearing, through auscultation and percussion. Smell can add useful clues as well. It may point to poor personal hygiene, substance use, or metabolic diseases.

Taste is mostly a historical part of medicine. For many centuries, diabetes mellitus was even diagnosed by the sweet taste of urine. Over time, clinicians also develop a sixth sense, often called gut instinct. This skill comes from deliberate practice on thousands of patients over many years. It is based largely on bedside observations and can help predict serious illness.

Clinical Observation in Physical Exam

general approach to the physical exam

Why Physical Exams Still Matter

Physical examination remains an important part of medicine. Doctors have used the body exam for centuries to connect changes in body function with disease. Even with modern imaging and lab tests, the bedside exam still helps clinicians understand what may be happening in the patient. Physical examination is not a replacement for tests, and it does not answer every question. Some maneuvers that were once highly valued may have limited usefulness. Still, many conditions can only be found through...

observation and inspection

Clinical observation is the starting point of a physical examination and begins at the first contact with a patient. Observation is a broad term for using the senses carefully to gather information. Inspection is a narrower term. It refers to what can be seen with the eyes, especially on the surface of the body, rather than to behavior. Skilled clinicians use more than sight when they examine a patient. They also rely on touch, through palpation and percussion, and on hearing, through...

palpation

How Hand Position Guides Palpation

Palpation uses touch to collect diagnostic information during the physical exam. It is one of the ways a healthcare provider uses the senses to learn more about a patient. The part of the hand used for palpation changes depending on the body area being examined. Finger pads are best for fine detail. Their dense sensory nerves help the examiner feel small features, such as the borders of masses or lymph nodes. The back of the hand, also called the dorsal surface, gives a rough sense of relative...

percussion

Clinical Percussion and Body Sound

Clinical percussion uses tapping to create sound and help assess what lies beneath the body surface. It is a simple bedside technique that depends on the way sound changes when it travels through different tissues. The method began with Leopold Auenbrugger, an Austrian inn-keeper's son, who found that tapping beer barrels could help him take inventory. He later applied the same idea to patients in Vienna and published the first description of its diagnostic use in 1761. Jean-Nicolas Corvisart...

auscultation

Stethoscope Sounds in Clinical Exam

Auscultation is a clinical exam method that lets a provider listen to sounds inside the body. Doctors use it to gather important diagnostic information from the chest, heart, abdomen, and blood vessels. For many years, auscultation meant immediate auscultation. In that method, the examiner placed an ear directly on the patient's skin. This approach was used for centuries, but it became less useful in nineteenth-century France because of social norms and poor diagnostic yield. René Laënnec...

proper adjustment of patient attire during the physical exam

proper-adjustment-of-patient-attire-during-the-physical-exam

Draping for a Better Physical Exam

Draping is an important part of a careful physical exam. It helps the provider examine the right body area while also protecting patient modesty. Good draping takes practice because the examiner must balance exposure with comfort. Correct technique also improves the accuracy of the exam. Skin lesions can be missed if inspection is done through clothing. Lung crackles may be reported by mistake when the chest is examined through a T-shirt, and subtle heart findings can be missed when...

blood pressure measurement

Manual Blood Pressure Reading Steps

Blood pressure reading uses an indirect method to measure the pressure of blood against vessel walls. Blood pressure, or BP, is a vital sign that is checked routinely in hospital and outpatient settings. It is one of the most common medical assessments performed around the world. The indirect method is non-invasive, safe, and easily reproducible, so it is used most often. BP can be measured automatically by oscillometry or manually by auscultation. Auscultation uses a sphygmomanometer, which...

measuring vital signs

Vital Sign Ranges and Patient Status

Vital signs are objective measurements that show a patient’s clinical status. The commonly accepted vital signs are blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. In many practices, pain is also treated as the sixth vital sign and is documented with the others. Pain is different from the other vital signs because it is a subjective measurement. That means the pain scale can vary from one patient to another. A vital signs assessment includes heart rate, blood...

respiratory exam i: inspection and palpation

respiratory-exam-i-inspection-and-palpation

Checking Breathing Distress by Exam

Respiratory exam starts with looking for breathing distress and feeling the chest. Shortness of breath is a common reason for both outpatient and inpatient evaluation. Early inspection can reveal fast breathing or cyanosis, which is a bluish color change that can signal low oxygen. If a patient shows respiratory distress, the situation needs urgent attention and oxygen therapy. In many cases, careful clinical examination can help identify lung problems without relying only on tests. This is...

respiratory exam ii: percussion and auscultation

respiratory-exam-ii-percussion-and-auscultation

Respiratory Exam: Lung Sounds and Percussion

Respiratory exam skills include percussion and auscultation of the lungs. These techniques help identify lung problems during a physical exam. Percussion uses tapping to assess the chest, and auscultation uses a stethoscope to listen for breath sounds. Percussion is a useful skill that is often skipped in routine clinical practice. When it is done correctly, it can help a physician detect underlying lung pathology. Auscultation can also give an almost immediate clue to several acute pulmonary...

cardiac exam i: inspection and palpation

Cardiac Exam I: Checking the Chest First

Cardiac exam inspection and palpation are the first steps in a careful heart assessment. These steps help a physician gather useful information before using a stethoscope. They are part of the core examination performed when a patient is first seen. Heart and circulatory disorders are common reasons for hospital admission. They can include conditions such as myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. Because of this, learning a complete cardiac examination is important for any...

cardiac exam ii: auscultation

Listening for Normal and Abnormal Heart Sounds

Heart auscultation uses a stethoscope to listen to heart sounds and check for normal and abnormal patterns. For physicians, knowing how to hear these sounds and tell them apart is an essential skill. The sound heard at each spot on the chest relates to the closing of specific heart valves. The heart has two main sounds, called S1 and S2. S1 happens when the mitral and tricuspid valves, which are the atrioventricular valves, close after blood enters the ventricles. This marks the start of...

cardiac exam iii: abnormal heart sounds

Heart Murmurs and Gallop Sounds

Heart murmurs and gallop sounds are abnormal heart sounds that can be heard during auscultation, or listening to the heart with a stethoscope. A good understanding of normal heart sounds is the first step in telling normal sounds apart from abnormal ones. Murmurs usually have a swishing quality and point to turbulent blood flow across a heart valve. Murmurs can happen because a valve is too narrow, which is called stenosis, or because blood leaks backward across the valve, which is called...

peripheral vascular exam

Assessing PAD and Venous Signs

Peripheral vascular disease can affect blood flow in the arms and legs, and careful exam steps help reveal signs of disease. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is linked to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. Risk factors include diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and tobacco use. Symptoms may appear as limb claudication, which is cramp-like muscle pain that gets worse with activity and better with rest. Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) can cause lower extremity swelling,...

peripheral vascular exam using a continuous wave doppler

peripheral-vascular-exam-using-a-continuous-wave-doppler

Bedside Doppler for Leg Blood Flow Checks

Peripheral vascular disease affects the arteries and veins outside the heart, and it is common in older adults. History and physical exam can suggest the diagnosis, but Doppler ultrasound is now a routine part of the bedside vascular exam. This lesson focuses on bedside assessment of peripheral arterial disease and chronic venous insufficiency with a handheld continuous wave Doppler. A handheld Doppler is a simple tool that sends and receives ultrasound at the same time. It detects changes in...

physical examinations i

このコレクションは、血圧やバイタルサインの測定から、肺や心臓血管の理学的診断までの、健康診断の基礎となる技術を紹介しています。

Learn how clinicians use observation, inspection, touch, hearing, and smell during a physical exam, and why bedside clues can help detect serious illness.

Clinical Observation in Physical Exam | JoVE K12

Jaideep Talwalkar

Internal Medicine

Yale School of Medicine

Overview

General Observations

Considerations for Inspection

Summary

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10647.jpg

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
ExpandIn this experiment you will prepare different types of cells from a plant and animal, onion and human ...

What are Cells?

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term &#34;cell&#34; based on the ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

The Central Dogma

The DNA Helix

Nucleic Acids

DNA as a Genetic Template

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the ...

Chromosome Structure

Base-pairing and DNA Repair

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Protein and Protein Structures

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of ...

Protein Folding

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to ...

An Overview of Gene Expression

Gene expression is the complex process where a cell uses its genetic information to make functional products. This process is regulated at multiple ...

an-introduction-to-caenorhabditis-elegans

An Introduction to Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a microscopic, soil-dwelling roundworm that has been powerfully used as a model organism since the early 1970&rsquo;s.  It was ...

An Overview of Genetic Analysis

An organism&#8217;s physical traits, or phenotype, are a product of its genotype, which is the combination of alleles (gene variants) inherited from its ...

An Introduction to Cell Death

Necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death are all manners in which cells can die, and these mechanisms can be induced by different stimuli, such as ...

An Overview of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering &#8211; the process of purposefully altering an organism&#8217;s DNA &#8211; has been used to create powerful research tools and model ...

An Introduction to Cell Division

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides and gives rise to two or more daughter cells. It is a means of reproduction for single-cell ...

An Overview of Genetics and Disease

Many human diseases are associated with mutations or variations in genetic sequences. Some of these genetic variants are heritable, passed down from ...

an-introduction-to-cellular-and-molecular-neuroscience

An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience

Cellular and molecular neuroscience is one of the newest and fastest growing subdisciplines in neuroscience. By investigating the influences of genes, ...

Annexin V and Propidium Iodide Labeling

Staining with annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) provides researchers with a way to identify different types of cell death&#8212;either necrosis or ...

an-introduction-to-developmental-genetics

An Introduction to Developmental Genetics

Development is the complex process through which a single-celled embryo transforms into a multicellular organism. Developmental processes are guided by ...

Bacterial Transformation: Electroporation

The term &#x201C;transformation&#x201D; refers cellular ingestion of foreign DNA.  In nature, transformation can occur in certain types of bacteria.  In ...

an-introduction-to-molecular-developmental-biology

An Introduction to Molecular Developmental Biology

Molecular signals play a major role in the complex processes occurring during embryonic development. These signals regulate activities such as cell ...

bacterial-transformation-the-heat-shock-method

Bacterial Transformation: The Heat Shock Method

Transformation is the process that occurs when a cell ingests foreign DNA from its surroundings. Transformation can occur in nature in certain types of ...

an-introduction-to-saccharomyces-cerevisiae

An Introduction to Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (commonly known as baker&rsquo;s yeast) is a single-celled eukaryote that is frequently used in scientific research.  S. ...

Cell Cycle Analysis

Cell cycle refers to the set of events through which a cell grows, replicates its genome, and ultimately divides into two daughter cells through the ...

An Introduction to Transfection

Transfection is the process of inserting genetic material, such as DNA and double stranded RNA, into mammalian cells. The insertion of DNA into a cell ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Histones are proteins that help organize DNA in eukaryotic nuclei by serving as &#8220;scaffolds&#8221; around which DNA can be wrapped, forming a complex ...

An Overview of Epigenetics

Since the early days of genetics research, scientists have noted certain heritable phenotypic differences that are not due to differences in the ...

community-dna-extraction-from-bacterial-colonies

Community DNA Extraction from Bacterial Colonies

Source: Laboratories of Dr. Ian Pepper and Dr. Charles Gerba - The University of Arizona
Demonstrating Author: Luisa Ikner
Traditional methods of analysis ...

Cytogenetics

Cytogenetics is the field of study devoted to chromosomes, and involves the direct observation of a cell&#8217;s chromosomal number and structure, ...

embryonic-stem-cell-culture-and-differentiation

Embryonic Stem Cell Culture and Differentiation

Culturing embryonic stem (ES) cells requires conditions that maintain these cells in an undifferentiated state to preserve their capacity for self-renewal ...

DNA Gel Electrophoresis

DNA gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the detection and separation of DNA molecules. An electric field is applied to a gel matrix comprised of ...

Enzyme Assays and Kinetics

Enzyme kinetics describes the catalytic effects of enzymes, which are biomolecules that facilitate chemical reactions necessary for living organisms. ...

DNA Ligation Reactions

In molecular biology, ligation refers to the joining of two DNA fragments through the formation of a phosphodiester bond.  An enzyme known as a ligase ...

explant-culture-for-developmental-studies

Explant Culture for Developmental Studies

Explant culture is a technique in which living cells or tissues are removed from an embryo for continued development outside of the organism. This ex vivo ...

DNA Methylation Analysis

Methylation at CpG dinucleotides is a chemical modification of DNA hypothesized to play important roles in regulating gene expression. In particular, the ...

Expression Profiling with Microarrays

Microarrays are important tools for profiling gene expression, and are based on complementary binding between probes that are attached to glass chips and ...

Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation

Density gradient ultracentrifugation is a common technique used to isolate and purify biomolecules and cell structures. This technique exploits the fact ...

F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)

F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a phenomenon used to investigate close-range biochemical interactions. In FRET, a donor photoluminescent ...

detecting-environmental-microorganisms-with-polymerase-chain-reaction

Detecting Environmental Microorganisms with the Polymerase Chain Reaction and Gel Electrophoresis

Source: Laboratories of Dr. Ian Pepper and Dr. Charles Gerba - Arizona University
Demonstrating Author: Bradley Schmitz
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is ...

Gel Purification

Gel purification is used to recover DNA fragments after electrophoretic separation. DNA recovery from an agarose gel includes three basic steps: binding, ...

Detecting Reactive Oxygen Species

Reactive oxygen species are chemically active, oxygen-derived molecules capable of oxidizing other molecules. Because of their reactive nature, there are ...

Gene Silencing with Morpholinos

Morpholino-mediated gene silencing is a common technique used to study roles of specific genes during development. Morpholinos inhibit gene expression by ...

development-and-reproduction-of-the-laboratory-mouse

Development and Reproduction of the Laboratory Mouse

Successful breeding of the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) is critical to the establishment and maintenance of a productive animal colony. Additionally, ...

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.

HS-LS1-1.

Clinical Observation in Physical Exam

Description

Transcript

More videos by Standards