Name: cabbage biomass and cabbage-feeding caterpillars
Uploaded: 2019-01-31T09:26:49.000Z
Duration: 1 min 55 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Environmental Science

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-4

Energy Dynamics

<ul><li><a href="#" data-time="8">キャベツの事前計量
</a></li><li><a href="#" data-time="60"><em>Hatching Pieris rapae</em> Eggs
</a></li></ul>

<ul class="lab-items"><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="蓋付きプラスチック浴槽">蓋付きプラスチック浴槽</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="ペトリ皿">ペトリ皿</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="皿/ボートの重さを量る">皿/ボートの重さを量る</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="20">20</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="鉗子">鉗子</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="20">20</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="スプレーボトル(蒸留水)">スプレーボトル(蒸留水)</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="スプレーボトル(エタノール70%)">スプレーボトル(エタノール70%)</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="大根の種">大根の種</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="Pieris rapae (卵)">Pieris rapae (卵)</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="ラボのサイズに依存">ラボのサイズに依存</span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="ポッティングミックス ">ポッティングミックス </div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="ラボのサイズに依存">ラボのサイズに依存</span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="ペーパータオル">ペーパータオル</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="ラボのサイズに依存">ラボのサイズに依存</span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="体重計">体重計</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="ラボのサイズに依存">ラボのサイズに依存</span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="インキュベーター(37°Cに設定)">インキュベーター(37°Cに設定)</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="ラボのサイズに依存">ラボのサイズに依存</span>
								</div>
							</li></ul>

エネルギーダイナミクス

<ol class="note-items"><li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse="">キャベツの事前計量
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="1-1"><div class="lab-step">実験前に代表的なキャベツのバイオマスの割合を取得するには、ペーパータオルを使用して食料品店のキャベツの内側の葉を洗い、軽くたたいて乾かします。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-2"><div class="lab-step">キャベツを天秤にかけたペトリ皿に入れて野菜の湿った質量を決定し、キャベツと皿を37°Cのインキュベーターに48時間移します。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-3"><div class="lab-step">インキュベーションの終わりに、キャベツの乾燥質量を得るために、皿のキャベツを再度計量します。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-4"><div class="lab-step">次に、キャベツの最終的な乾燥質量をキャベツの初期湿った質量で割ることにより、代表的なキャベツのバイオマスの割合を計算します。この後、取得した値に100を掛けます。
</div></li></ul></li><li data-note-item="2" data-parent-collapse="">孵化した<em>Pieris rapae</em>の卵
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="2-1"><div class="lab-step"><em>Pieris rapae</em>の蝶の卵を孵化させるには、卵取得の1週間前に、新鮮な培養土が入った鉢に大根の種を蒔きます。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-2"><div class="lab-step">実験室の日当たりの良い場所に鉢を置き、土がちょうど湿るまで毎日水をやります。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-3"><div class="lab-step">卵が到着したら、卵のストリップを卵を下にして別の大根の葉の上に置きます。注:間接日光や室内光の下では、卵は約48〜72時間で孵化します。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-4"><div class="lab-step">幼虫が4番目の成長段階に達したら、キャベツに3日間移し替えます。乾燥を防ぐために時々水で毛虫を霧吹きするように注意してください。
</div></li></ul></li></ol>

<div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">栄養段階とはどういう意味ですか?</h4><p>エネルギーが消費された生物から消費者の生物に伝達されるときの食物連鎖における各相互作用は、栄養段階と呼ばれます。
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">一次生産者と消費者とは何ですか?</h4><p>一次生産者は、有機物を生成する独立栄養生物です。一次消費者は、有機材料を作ることができない生物であり、一次生産者を消費します。しかし、一次消費者は、二次消費者である他の消費者にとってエネルギー源となることがあります。
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">バイオマスとは何ですか?</h4><p>生物に貯蔵された有機物はバイオマスと呼ばれ、生物に含まれる水分は除外されます。
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">生産性とはどういう意味ですか、そして生産性の...

キャベツの事前計量
拡張実験の前に代表的なキャベツのバイオマスの割合を取得するには、ペーパータオルを使用して洗濯し、軽くたたいて乾かします...

Education

JoVE Lab Manual

Biology

生物学

Ecology

生態学

Lab Manual Sub Articles

ラボマニュアル詳細項目

cabbage biomass and cabbage-feeding caterpillars

<p class="jove_content">Cabbage biomass and cabbage-feeding caterpillars are prepared for a study of plant mass and insect growth. A grocery store cabbage is used as a representative sample. The inner leaves are washed with a paper towel and patted dry before weighing.</p>

<p class="jove_content">To measure percent biomass, the cabbage is placed in a pre-weighed Petri dish on a balance to record its wet mass. The dish and cabbage are then moved to a 37 °C incubator for 48 hours. After incubation, the cabbage is weighed again in the dish to obtain the dry mass. The percent biomass is found by dividing the final dry mass by the initial wet mass and multiplying by 100.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Pieris rapae eggs are hatched for the next part of the study. One week before the eggs arrive, radish seeds are sown in pots with fresh potting soil. The pots are kept in a sunny spot in the lab, and the soil is watered daily until it is just damp. When the egg strips arrive, they are placed egg-side down on different radish leaves.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Under indirect sunlight or indoor light, the eggs hatch in about 48 to 72 hours. When the caterpillars reach their fourth instar, which is a later larval growth stage, they are transferred onto a cabbage for three days. The caterpillars are misted with water from time to time to help prevent drying.</p>

Cabbage Biomass and Cabbage-Feeding Caterpillars

cabbage-biomass-and-cabbage-feeding-caterpillars

energy dynamics

Caterpillar Biomass Transfer Lab

Caterpillar biomass transfer is measured by comparing cabbage, caterpillars, and frass in a simple trophic system. In this lab, two groups of five caterpillars are kept in separate containers, and one group receives cabbage while the other group does not. The setup shows how much matter and energy move from food into animal biomass.<br /><br />First, enough cabbage leaves are weighed to cover the bottom of a plastic tub. Then, two batches of five caterpillars are collected from their cabbage habitat and...

Cabbage biomass and cabbage-feeding caterpillars are prepared for a study of plant mass and insect growth. A grocery store cabbage is used as a representative sample. The inner leaves are washed with a paper towel and patted dry before weighing.<br /><br />To measure percent biomass, the cabbage is placed in a pre-weighed Petri dish on a balance to record its wet mass. The dish and cabbage are then moved to a 37 °C incubator for 48 hours. After incubation, the cabbage is weighed again in the dish to...

lab manual sub articles

Measure cabbage biomass by wet and dry mass, then hatch Pieris rapae eggs and raise caterpillars on radish and cabbage in a simple lab setup.

Cabbage Biomass and Cabbage-Feeding Caterpillars | JoVE K12

HS-LS2-6

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS2-4.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

SEC4.

SEC4.c

SB5.b

<p>熱力学の第一法則であるエネルギーは、生成または破壊することはできず、変換するだけで、古典的な食物網内で実証できます。ここでは、太陽からの光エネルギーは、まず植物によって放射エネルギーとして利用され、次に複雑な炭水化物として貯蔵される化学エネルギーに変換されます。一部の植生は最終的に動物によって消費されます。糖を分解する過程で、エネルギーは熱として放出されるか、後で使用される化学エネルギー貯蔵として高分子に蓄えられるか、捕食者に渡されます。食物連鎖におけるこれらの各段階は、栄養段階と呼ばれます。植物は生産者です。リスが一次消費者であり、捕食性のキツネが二次消費者になります。栄養段階から次の段階に移される有機物はバイオマスと呼ばれ、通常はエネルギー単位、カロリー、またはキロカロリーで測定されます。</p>
<p>しかし、バイオマスの移動は直線的ではありません。一次生産者が太陽からエネルギーを受け取り、食物を作った後、細胞呼吸により、少量が使用できない熱エネルギーに変換され、二酸化炭素とともに環境に放出されます。利用される光エネルギーの総量は、総一次生産性またはGPPと呼ばれます。GPPから呼吸によって失われたエネルギーを差し引くと、結果は正味一次生産性またはNPP、つまりバイオマスが貯蔵されるエネルギー率になります。同様に、一次消費者は植物から化学エネルギーを収穫していますが、代謝中に二酸化炭素とともに少量の熱エネルギーも放出します。そして、消費されたバイオマスの一部だけが彼らの組織に復元されます。最後に、捕食者レベルでは、太陽から利用された元のエネルギーのほんの一部しか使用できません。したがって、生産者から一次消費者に移転されるバイオマスは、生産者から二次消費者に移転されるバイオマスと等しくありません。食物連鎖の各レベルでのバイオマスのこれらの変化は、特定の生態系全体の生産性について教えてくれます。</p>
<p>このラボでは、生産者であるキャベツから主要な消費者であるキャベツワームへのバイオマスとエネルギーの移動を測定することにより、エネルギーダイナミクスと生産性のこれらの原理を調査します。</p>

food chain energy flow and biomass

<p class="jove_content">Food chain energy flow shows how energy moves through ecosystems from one organism to the next. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, so it can only change form or be passed along to another organism. When a cow grazes on grass or an osprey eats fish, energy moves to the consumer. Each transfer is part of a trophic level, and these links help explain how ecosystems stay balanced.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Primary producers sit at the base of the food chain. They are autotrophs, or self-feeding organisms, because they make organic molecules from inorganic material. Examples include photosynthetic plants and chemosynthetic bacteria. These organisms capture energy from sunlight or from gases at hydrothermal vents, then store that energy in organic molecules. Consumers are heterotrophs, which means they cannot make their own organic material and must get it from other organisms.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The food chain continues with primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers. Primary consumers get energy from autotrophs. Secondary consumers feed on primary consumers, and tertiary consumers feed on secondary consumers. The amount of energy captured by primary producers sets the size of the community, because all later trophic levels depend on that stored energy.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Organic material stored in an organism is called biomass, and water is not included when biomass is measured. To find biomass, the water weight is subtracted from the total weight of the organism. Only a fraction of biomass usually moves to the next trophic level. As a result, the biomass pattern in a food chain forms a pyramid, with the largest amount at the bottom and less at the top. This loss happens because much of the energy is released as metabolic heat.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Respiration helps explain why less biomass reaches higher trophic levels. Respiration is an exothermic reaction that breaks down nutrients to capture energy in adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. ATP powers cell work, including the synthesis and transfer of structures and proteins. At the same time, respiration produces waste products and heat. Because of this, upper-level organisms end up with less biomass than the organisms they eat.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Ecosystem productivity is linked to changes in biomass. Productivity is the rate at which organisms gain biomass from received energy. Primary productivity refers to producers, while secondary productivity refers to other organisms. Gross primary productivity is the rate of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Net primary productivity is the energy stored as biomass after energy lost through metabolism and daily activity is removed. This helps show how different organisms allocate the biomass resources they receive.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Energy flow also helps explain human impacts on ecosystems. If primary producers are removed, consumers that depend on them must find another food source. If they cannot, secondary extinctions can follow. This matters because human-induced changes are already causing major shifts in ecosystems around the world, and understanding energy dynamics can help reduce harm and protect threatened food chains.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Human health can also be affected by energy flow through bioaccumulation and biomagnification of mercury in aquatic food chains. Bioaccumulation begins when organisms at the bottom of the food chain absorb mercury. Biomagnification happens when mercury moves to consumers and its concentration increases at each trophic level. Large fish higher in the food chain may then contain high mercury levels, which is why health professionals advise limiting consumption of certain fish species.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Not all ecosystem problems come from losing producers. Removing a keystone predator can also unbalance a system. In one experiment, ochre sea stars were removed from a rock, and the mussels they ate increased too much. That overgrowth used up resources and free space. The sea stars normally kept the mussel population in check and helped diversity thrive, showing how energy stored as biomass can shape the balance of an ecosystem.</p>

Food Chain Energy Flow and Biomass

食物連鎖
エネルギーは、生態系における最も重要な非生物的要素の1つであり、生態系内の生物はエネルギーの流れによって接続されています...

JoVE Lab ManualのこのBiology評価クイズで、エネルギーダイナミクスの理解をテストしてください。学生の学習を評価するために設計されたビデオベースの質問を通じて主要な概念をカバーしています。

Biology の エネルギーダイナミクス - 評価クイズ | JoVE Lab Manual

この 5 分間の学生プロトコル動画で、エネルギーダイナミクス の手順をステップごとに学びましょう。JoVE Lab Manual の 生物学 コレクションの一部です。

エネルギーダイナミクス | 学生プロトコル、手順と結果 | JoVE Lab Manual

What are Populations and Communities?

Populations are groups of individuals of the same species that inhabit a shared environment. Communities include multiple co-existing, interacting ...

Population Growth

Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with ...

Population Models
An ecological population is a group of individuals of a single species living in an area at the same time. To persist, a population must ...

Preparation for the Population Growth Computer Simulation
ExpandFor this exercise, ensure that spreadsheet software is installed on student computers ...

Exponential Population Growth Model
ExpandNOTE: In these experiments you will use computer software to simulate different types of growth models. ...

Community Diversity

Populations do not live in isolation; thus, every population interacts with others in certain ways. These interactions give rise to a network of ...

Setting up for the Lab and Choosing Field Sites
ExpandBefore the experiment, first ensure that the student computers have Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets ...

Measuring Biodiversity in Areas with Different Disturbance Regimes
ExpandNOTE: In this experiment, you will compare the biodiversity in a less disturbed ...

What is Biodiversity?

Biodiversity describes the variety of living things at multiple organizational levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Species diversity ...

Threats to Biodiversity

There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species ...

Biodiversity and Human Values

Human civilization relies on biodiversity in many ways. Sudden changes in species biodiversity result in environmental changes that can modify weather ...

What is Conservation Biology?

Conservation biology is a scientific field that focuses on the preservation of biodiversity in order to protect ecosystems while meeting the needs of the ...

Conservation of Declining Populations

Conservation of declining population focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and halting a population decline. The approach uses methods to prevent ...

Habitat Fragmentation

Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land ...

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens ...

Ecosystems have carrying capacities, which are limits to the numbers of organisms and populations they can support.

HS-LS2-1

Life Histories

Constrained by limited energy and resources, organisms must compromise between offspring quantity and parental investment. This trade-off is represented ...

Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of ...

What is Photosynthesis?

All living organisms on Earth are directly or indirectly dependent on photosynthesis. It is the only biological process that can capture energy from ...

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They ...

Photosystems

Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in ...

The Photochemical Reaction Center

Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center ...

The Antenna Complex

Plants and other photosynthetic organisms comprise pigments capable of absorption of direct sunlight. These pigments are present in the reaction center - ...

the-z-scheme-of-electron-transport-in-photosynthesis

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of ...

The Calvin Benson Cycle

Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, ...

Introduction to Cellular Respiration

Organisms harvest energy from food, but this energy cannot be directly used by cells. Cells convert the energy stored in nutrients into a more usable ...

What is Glycolysis?

Overview
Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts &#34;food energy&#34; (from the ...

Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis

Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis ...

Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis

Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces ...

Outcomes of Glycolysis

Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler ...

Pyruvate Oxidation

After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria via active transport and undergo three enzymatic reactions. These reactions ensure ...

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview

In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, ...

The Citric Acid Cycle: Output

The citric acid cycle is termed an amphibolic pathway as it operates both anabolically and catabolically. The cyclic reactions balance the flux of the ...

electron-transport-chain-complex-i-and-ii

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce ...

electron-transport-chain-complex-iii-and-iv

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then ...

The Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is ...

The Food Chain
Energy is one of the most important abiotic factors in an ecosystem and organisms in an ecosystem are connected by the flow of energy and ...

the-supercomplexes-in-the-crista-membrane

The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through ...

Cabbage Pre-Weighing
ExpandTo obtain the percent biomass of a representative cabbage before the experiment, use a paper towel to wash and pat dry the ...

ATP Synthase: Structure

ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in ...

Caterpillar Energy Dynamics
ExpandNOTE: In this lab you will grow caterpillars in conditions with and without food to examine the transfer of biomass in a ...

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear ...

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein

ADP/ATP carrier or AAC protein is the most abundant carrier protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transports large quantities of ADP and ATP, ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

What is an Ecosystem?

Overview

An ecosystem is the interaction between all abiotic and biotic factors in an environment and can be classified as terrestrial or aquatic. ...

Photosynthesis

Autotrophs

Almost all living organisms on Earth depend on photosynthesis, which is the process that converts sunlight energy into a simple sugar called ...

Trophic Levels

All organisms in an ecosystem occupy a trophic level in the food chain. The lowest level consists of primary producers, which synthesize their food from ...

Plant Pigment Chromatography and Floating Leaf Discs in a Vacuum
ExpandOn the day before the experiment, fill a container with water.
Place the spinach ...

Primary Production

The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use ...

Plant Pigment Chromatography
ExpandNOTE: In this experiment you will separate pigments from spinach leaves using chromatography paper. Individual pigments ...

Production Efficiency

Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates ...

Cellular Respiration

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Living organisms require a continuous input of energy to maintain cellular and organismal functions such as growth, repair, ...

Trophic Efficiency

Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as ...

Quantifying Respiration using Microrespirometers
ExpandTo assemble the microrespirometers needed for the lab, first plug in the hot glue gun to preheat ...

Quantifying Respiration using Microrespirometers
ExpandNOTE: In this experiment, you will measure the rate of cellular respiration for germinating seeds ...

Photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, aerobic and anaerobic respiration and cellular respiration (including anaerobic processes) provide most of the energy for life processes.

Species Distribution and Biogeography

Species Distribution

Biogeography is the study of species distribution across geographic space and the processes that shape these distributions. This ...

Simulating Colonization and Extinction on Islands
ExpandFind a table or desk with a cleared space of at least two meters in front of it in one direction. ...

Simulating Colonization and Extinction on Islands
ExpandForm groups of three. One member of the group will simulate colonization by throwing balls into ...

The dynamic interactions within an ecosystem can keep its numbers and types of organisms relatively constant over long periods of time under stable conditions.

Measuring Biodiversity

Diverse ecosystems are important for the health of the planet and our survival as humans; it is therefore incredibly important for us to understand and ...

Quadrats and Transects Preparation
ExpandStart by tying a knot at the beginning, end and every 5 feet of six 20-foot pieces of rope.
Then, identify three ...

Quadrats and Transects
ExpandIn this activity, you will be using quadrats along transect lines to take biodiversity measurements of the plant species in ...

Ecological Disturbance

An ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in the environment resulting from abiotic, biotic, or anthropogenic factors, causing a pronounced ...

jenatron-an-experimental-approach-to-study-effects-plant-history-soil

JenaTron - An Experimental Approach to Study the Effects of Plant History and Soil History on Grassland Ecosystem Functioning

The global loss of biodiversity has motivated many studies that experimentally vary plant species richness and examine the consequences for ecosystem ...

Understanding Species and Reproductive Barriers

A species is a group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Typically, individuals of the same species appear similar and share ...

Formation of Species

Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the ...

Speciation Rates

Speciation can proceed at markedly different rates, and evolutionary biologists commonly describe these differences through the models of gradualism and ...

Genetics of Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species&#x2014;groups of reproductively isolated populations.The ...

Hybrid Zones

Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may ...

Extinction

The History of Life on Earth
Fossils of organisms that were different from anything alive today had been documented as early as the 17th century, but it ...

Diversity and Extinction during the Paleogene Epoch
ExpandFirst, familiarize yourself with the extinction reading supplement for the background on what ...

Diversity and Extinction during the Paleogene Epoch
ExpandBegin this procedure by reading the extinction reading supplement that has been printed out for ...

Ecosystems with a greater biodiversity tend to have a greater resistance and resilience to change.

HS-LS2-7

Cabbage Biomass and Cabbage-Feeding Caterpillars

Learning Objectives

栄養段階とはどういう意味ですか?

一次生産者と消費者とは何ですか?

Lab Prep

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