Name: cell cycle stages in mitosis
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:14.000Z
Duration: 2 min 3 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.2.1

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

<p>有糸分裂は 5つの独特な段階からなり 細胞の遺伝物質が2つの娘細胞の間で 分配される分裂の一種です まず ヒトの前期に 核クロマチンは セントロメア接合部に結合した 姉妹染色分体対からなる X字型染色体に凝縮します 同時に 核の外側では 中心体と呼ばれる 2つのL字型の細胞小器官が 反対側の細胞側に移動します その際に微小管ロッドが それぞれセルの内側か外側の どちらかに向かって成長し始め 蜘蛛の巣状の紡錘体装置を形成します 次に 核膜が前中期の間に溶解し 染色体を細胞の 他の内容物にさらします タンパク質構造が どの染色分体にも一つ 動原体の両側にも現れます これらの動原体が形成されると 伸びる内部微小管が 異なる細胞極につながる 各姉妹染色分体で固定します 次に有糸分裂は中期に進み そこで紡錘体装置が 染色体を再配置し 細胞の赤道に沿って 固定列で 同じ方向になるようにします 後期では 動原体の付いた微小管が短くなり 今は染色体と呼ばれる 姉妹染色分体が引き離されます これらと他の 微小管動力学によっても 細胞が伸ばされます 最後に 終期に染色体は 反対側の細胞側に置かれ 紡錘体装置が解離します 遺伝物質が緩み 2つの核エンベロープが 各染色体セットの周りに 1つずつ置かれます 終期には 細胞質分裂と呼ばれる独特な過程で 細胞は細胞質的に分けられます このように 有糸分裂の最終結果は それらの前駆体と 遺伝的に同一の細胞対になります</p>

<p>Guertin, David A., Susanne Trautmann, and Dannel McCollum. "Cytokinesis in Eukaryotes." <em>Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.</em> 66, no. 2 (2002年6月1日): 155–78.[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.66.2.155-178.2002" target="__blank">ソース</a>]</p>

有糸分裂と細胞質分裂

<p>真核細胞の細胞周期である「分裂周期」は、細胞の成長、DNA複製/染色体重複、娘細胞への染色体分配、そして最終的な細胞分裂という、それぞれ異なる調整された細胞プロセスに分けられます。細胞周期は、細胞の増殖に影響を与える細胞外シグナルと、細胞の制御システムによって厳密に制御されています。</p>
 
 <p>細胞周期のプロセスは、典型的なヒトの細胞では約24時間かけて行われ、大きく2つの段階に分けられます。最初の段階は間期のS期に行われるDNAの複製です。第2段階は有糸分裂(M)期で、複製された染色体が2つの新しい核に分離され（有糸分裂）、細胞質も分裂します（細胞質分裂）。この2つの段階はG<sub>1</sub>期およびG<sub>2</sub>期で分けられており、その間に細胞は複製と分裂の準備をします。</p> 
 
 <h4>有糸分裂のプロセス</h4> 
 
 <p>有糸分裂は、前駆期、前中期、中期、後期、終期の5つの段階に分けられます。細胞質分裂は、後期もしくは周期の間に始まり（細胞による）M期の一部ではありますが、有糸分裂ではないです</p>。
 
 <h4>前期</h4>
 
 <p>細胞が有糸分裂に入ると、複製された染色体はコンデンシンと呼ばれるタンパク質の助けを借りて凝縮し始め、糸状の構造として見えるようになります。紡錘体は、S期に複製された中心体間に形成され始め、細胞の反対側の極に移動します。紡錘体は、チューブリンタンパク質単量体からなる微小管と呼ばれる糸状の構造体で構成されています。紡錘体の微小管は、凝縮した染色体に向かって伸び始めます。紡錘体の微小管は、凝縮した染色体に向かって伸び始め、リボゾームを作る核の構成要素である核小体が消滅し、核の分解が近づきます。
 
 <h4>前中期</h4>
 
 <p>前中期では、紡錘体からの微小管が伸び続け、染色体は凝縮し終えます。核膜は完全に破壊され、染色体が解放されます。微小管の一部は解放された染色体に接着し、姉妹染色分体の各ペアのセントロメアに存在する「動原体」と呼ばれるタンパク質構造に結合します。両極からの紡錘体微小管は動原体に結合し、凝縮した姉妹染色分体ペアを捕捉します。染色体に接着していない紡錘体微小管、すなわち極微小管と星状体微小管は、紡錘体を押し広げ、紡錘体の極を細胞膜に固定するのを助けます。</p>
 
 <h4>中期</h4>
 
 <p>紡錘体微小管は、完全に凝縮した姉妹染色分体の各対を、細胞の赤道に沿った中期板に整列させます。これにより細胞の分裂にむけた準備が整います。
 
 <h4>後期</h4>
 
 <p>動原体構造に接着している両側の紡錘体極からの微小管が短くなり、姉妹染色分体がセントロメアで分離されます。このとき、染色体をつなぎとめている結合タンパク質が分解されます。短くなった動原体微小管は、ペアの各染色分体（この段階で染色体と呼ばれる）を両極に移動させます</p>。
 
 <h4>終期</h4>
 
 <p>細胞の両極に到達した染色体は、凝縮が解け、ほどけることでクロマチンを形成します。紡錘形微小管は解重合してチューブリン単量体となり、娘細胞の細胞骨格要素として利用されます。核膜はそれぞれの染色体の周りに再構築されます</p>。
 
 <h4>細胞質分裂</h4>
 
 </p> <p>動物細胞の細胞質分裂では、アクチンフィラメントが細胞膜に収縮環を形成して分裂溝を作り、最終的には細胞を2つに分けます。植物細胞では、ゴルジ体からグルコース、酵素、構造タンパク質を含んだ小胞が結合して、中期板のあった場所に新しい細胞板を形成します。成長した細胞板は両側の細胞膜と融合し、最終的には新しい細胞壁を形成して、細胞を2つに分割します。
 
  <p>これで有糸分裂が完了し、親細胞と同じ2つの娘細胞ができます。ほとんどのヒト細胞において、有糸分裂は約 24 時間の細胞周期の内の約 1 時間を占めます。 </p>

真核生物では、細胞分裂サイクルは、細胞増殖、DNA複製/染色体など、明確で調整された細胞プロセスに分割されます...

Education

JoVE Core

生物学

Cellular Processes

細胞プロセス

Cell Cycle and Division

細胞周期と細胞分裂

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

cell cycle stages in mitosis

<p class="jove_content">Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these phases, and they give the cell time to prepare for replication and division.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Mitosis has five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis may begin during anaphase or telophase, depending on the cell, and it is part of the M phase but not part of mitosis. As mitosis begins in prophase, the replicated chromosomes condense and become visible with the help of condensin proteins. The spindle apparatus starts to form between the duplicated centrosomes, which move to opposite poles. This spindle is made of microtubules, which are built from tubulin proteins, and the nucleolus disappears as the nucleus prepares to break down.</p>

<p class="jove_content">During prometaphase, the chromosomes finish condensing and the nuclear envelope breaks down. This releases the chromosomes into the cell. Some spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores, which are protein structures on the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids. Microtubules from opposite poles capture the sister chromatid pairs. Other microtubules, called polar and astral microtubules, help push the spindle poles apart and anchor them to the cell membrane.</p>

<p class="jove_content">In metaphase, the spindle microtubules line up each pair of fully condensed sister chromatids at the equator of the cell. This position is called the metaphase plate. The cell is then ready to divide. In anaphase, the kinetochore microtubules shorten and pull the sister chromatids apart at the centromere. The cohesion proteins that hold the chromatids together break down. Each chromatid is now a chromosome, and it moves toward an opposite pole.</p>

<p class="jove_content">In telophase, the chromosomes reach the poles and begin to decondense into chromatin. The spindle microtubules also depolymerize into tubulin monomers, which can be used again as cytoskeletal elements in the daughter cells. New nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. In animal cells, actin filaments form a contractile ring in the plasma membrane and create a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell in two. In plant cells, Golgi vesicles carrying glucose, enzymes, and structural proteins join to form a cell plate at the former metaphase plate. The cell plate fuses with the plasma membranes on both sides and develops into a new cell wall. Mitosis is complete, and the result is two daughter cells identical to the parent cell. In most human cells, mitosis takes about one hour of the 24-hour cell cycle.</p>

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

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mitosis and cytokinesis

Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these...

positive regulator molecules

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Cancer develops when mutations affect genes that control cell division. Those changes can remove the normal brakes on growth and lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have improved how cancer is understood and treated, and some patients can now be cured.<br /><br />There is still no single cure for cancer because cancer is not one disease. It is a large group of many diseases. Even when two people have the same mutation in an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene, their...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the cell cycle leads to mitosis and cytokinesis, from DNA replication and spindle formation to chromosome separation and cell division.

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core シリーズは、生物学の重要な概念を説明する 300 を超える簡潔でわかりやすいアニメーション ビデオ レッスンに加え、今日の研究室で行われる実際の研究実験を示す 150 以上の科学者の活動ビデオを通じて、生物学に命を吹き込みます。

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BIO.3.c

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BIO.6.A

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New York State Science Learning Standards

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Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

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