Name: cloning animals with scnt
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

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Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

BIO1.ETS2.3

Reproductive Cloning

生殖クローニングは、生物の遺伝的に同一のコピーであるクローンの生産です。1996年につくられた羊のドリーは，成体動物の最初のクローンでした。しかし、犬や猫など，他のいくつかの種が その後クローンされました。成体動物をクローニングする最も一般的な方法は 体細胞核移植です。まず、核を卵細胞から取り出します。次に、皮膚細胞のような体細胞を クローン化されるべき動物から採取します。染色体DNAを含む核を取り出して 卵に注入します。卵は化学的または電気的な処理によって 刺激されて分裂し，胚を形成します。胚は成体のメスの子宮に移植されて 出産まで成長を続けます。得られたクローンは元の動物と 同一の染色体DNAを有していますが，ミトコンドリアは卵の細胞質が由来で，通常は異なる個体に由来するので、ミトコンドリアＤＮＡは異なる場合が多いです。また、同一の双子が同じDNAを有するにもかかわらず 互いにわずかに異なるのと同様に、クローンと元のものとの間の 表現型の違いが，発生中の環境的要因および 後成的要因によって起こることがあります。

アヤラ、フランシスコJ.「人間のクローン?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 29 (July 21, 2015): 8879–86.[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501798112" target="__blank">ソース</a>]
Keefer, Carol L. "Artificial Cloning of Domestic Animals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 29 (2015年7月21日): 8874–78.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501718112" target="__blank">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501718112</a>.

生殖クローニング

生殖クローニングとは、生物全体を遺伝的に同一のコピー（クローン）を作り出すプロセスのことです。一卵性双生児のように初期胚を分割してクローンを作ることもできますが、成体動物のクローンは通常、体細胞核移植(SCNT)と呼ばれるプロセスで行われます。
 
 <h4>体細胞核移植 </h4> 
 
 SCNTでは、動物から卵細胞を採取し、その核を除去して無核卵を作ります。次に、クローンを作ろうとする動物から体細胞（性細胞以外の細胞）を採取します。体細胞の核は、直接注入するか、電流を流して体細胞を卵子に融合させるかして、無核卵に移植されます。
 
 卵の中には、クローンを作る動物の染色体DNAを持つ核が入っています。この卵子には、クローンを作る動物の染色体DNAを持つ核が含まれており、この核を刺激して分裂させて胚を作り、代理母の子宮に移植します。うまくいけば、正常に成長し、クローンが誕生します。
 
 この方法で羊、牛、ラバ、ウサギ、犬など様々な動物のクローンを作ることに成功していますが、成功率は低く、生まれてくるまで生き延びることができるのはごくわずかです。出生までこぎつけたクローン動物は、老化して早死にするようです。これは、通常の老化現象であるテロメア短縮（細胞分裂のたびに染色体の保護末端の一部が失われること）を起こした成体細胞のDNAを使用しているためです。
 
 クローンの染色体DNAは核提供者のものと同じですが、ミトコンドリアDNAは異なる動物の卵細胞の細胞質から来ているので、クローンは異なるミトコンドリアDNAを持つ可能性があります。また、環境やエピジェネティックな要因により、クローンと元の動物の間に表現型の違いが生じることもあります。例えば、最初のクローン猫であるCcは、元の猫とは全く異なる姿をしていました。これは、毛並みのパターンが、異なる細胞におけるランダムなX染色体の不活性化によるものだからです。
 
 技術的な課題はありますが、生殖クローニングは、遺伝的に同一の研究用動物、希望する形質を持った家畜、絶滅危惧種の子孫の生産など、多くの用途が考えられます。また、人間の不妊症や病気にも応用できる可能性がありますが、人間のクローン作成はまだ行われておらず、倫理的な問題もあります。

生殖クローニングとは、生物全体の遺伝的に同一のコピー(クローン)を生成するプロセスです。クローンは...

Education

JoVE Core

生物学

Genetics

遺伝学

Biotechnology

バイオテクノロジー

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

cloning animals with scnt

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally.

In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned. The nucleus from that cell is placed into the enucleated egg by direct injection or by fusing the cells with an electrical current.

The egg now contains the chromosomal DNA of the animal being cloned. It is stimulated to divide and form an embryo. That embryo is then implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother. If development proceeds normally, the clone is born.

This method has been used to clone many animals, including sheep, cows, mules, rabbits, and dogs. Even so, the success rate is low, and only a small percentage of embryos survive to birth. Clones that do survive may age and die early because the DNA comes from adult cells that already show telomere shortening, which is the loss of protective chromosome ends during cell division.

A clone has the same chromosomal DNA as the nucleus donor, but it may have different mitochondrial DNA. That is because mitochondria come from the egg cell cytoplasm, which usually comes from a different animal. Clones can also look different from the original animal because of environmental and epigenetic effects. The first cloned cat, Cc, is one example, since coat pattern depends on random X-chromosome inactivation in different cells.

Despite these challenges, reproductive cloning may be useful for making genetically identical research animals, livestock with desired traits, and offspring of endangered species. It may also have possible uses in human infertility and disease. However, humans have not been cloned, and doing so would raise ethical concerns.

Cloning Animals with SCNT

what is genetic engineering?

How Scientists Edit DNA for New Traits

Genetic engineering changes an organism’s DNA to add useful traits. Scientists use it in bacteria, plants, animals, and even viruses for research, medicine, agriculture, and industry. It can bring major benefits, but it also raises ethical concerns about humans and the food supply. This work is possible because DNA has the same basic structure and genetic code across life. That shared code lets scientists modify DNA in several ways. One method is CRISPR/Cas9, often called molecular scissors,...

dna isolation

Steps in DNA Extraction

DNA extraction is the process of removing and purifying DNA from cells. It is used in many biotechnology and research applications, including molecular cloning. The main goal is to free DNA from the cell and prepare it for later study or use. The first step is cell lysis, which means breaking cells open. Researchers may use a homogenizer, sonicator, or bead beater to physically lyse the cells. They also often add detergent to chemically disrupt the lipid-based cell membranes. This helps...

recombinant dna technology

Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs

Recombinant DNA is made by joining DNA from different sources in the lab. Scientists often use it to clone genes and study them in cells that are easy to handle, such as bacteria. Organisms that carry recombinant DNA are called genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. This technology gives scientists new tools for research, medicine, and agriculture. To build recombinant DNA, researchers place a gene of interest into a vector, which is a DNA carrier that moves foreign DNA into a host cell. The...

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complementary dna

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antibiotic selection

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transgenic organisms

Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry a transgene, which is a gene from a different species, in their genome. The inserted gene may be a new gene for that organism or a different version of one it already has. Scientists usually make transgenes with recombinant DNA and DNA cloning methods. Researchers use transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals to answer biological questions and to build useful tools. To make a transgenic organism, they first choose a transgenesis method,...

in-vitro mutagenesis (gene knockouts)

Knockout Mice and Gene Replacement

Knockout mice help researchers study gene function by showing what happens when a gene is turned off. These engineered animals are also useful for modeling human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes. A specific gene can be targeted by using a targeting vector, which is a piece of engineered DNA that replaces the normal gene and inactivates it. The vector has matching DNA sequences on both ends. These homologous sequences let the vector swap in for the target gene through...

crispr

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gene therapy

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adult stem cells

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induced pluripotent stem cells

Reprogramming Mature Cells into Stem Cells

Reprogramming mature cells into stem cells lets scientists turn specialized cells back into an unspecialized state. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs are pluripotent, which means they can form all cell types. To make iPSCs, researchers start with mature cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells. The cells are grown in culture, and genes for several transcription factors are delivered with a viral vector. The cells then make...

reproductive cloning

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally. In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned.

genomics

Genomics and DNA Sequencing

Genomics studies the full set of genetic material in an organism. In humans, that genome includes the DNA carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, along with mitochondrial DNA. Genomics looks at both coding DNA and non-coding DNA, which helps scientists study how living things are built and how they differ. This field is useful in many areas of biology and medicine. Scientists use genomics to build phylogenetic trees, improve crop productivity and sustainability, help with criminal...

key terms and concepts

Explore how somatic cell nuclear transfer creates cloned animals, why success is limited, and how cloning may support research, agriculture, and conservation.

Cloning Animals with SCNT | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core シリーズは、生物学の重要な概念を説明する 300 を超える簡潔でわかりやすいアニメーション ビデオ レッスンに加え、今日の研究室で行われる実際の研究実験を示す 150 以上の科学者の活動ビデオを通じて、生物学に命を吹き込みます。

Florida Department of Education

Life Science

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.10

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BIO1.ETS2.1

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BIO1.ETS2.2

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Cloning Animals with SCNT

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