Name: rest and digest: parasympathetic control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

副交感神経は 脅威がなく落ち着いた状態の時に、体を回復させるもので 休息・消化システムとも呼ばれています。これは自律神経系の主要な部分であり 内臓器官の平滑筋や 心臓の心筋、または唾液腺など 特定の腺の活性を制御することで 不随意機能をコントロールします。副交感神経系が活性化すると 脳幹と脊髄仙骨部の節前神経からのシグナルが 神経節に送られ 器官または腺の近くの末梢神経系の 神経細胞体の塊が制御されます。このように、節後神経にメッセージが送られますが 通常、神経伝達物質であるアセチルコリンが使用され 標的組織の活性化を制御します。例えば、心拍数を下げたり 体をリラックスさせたり また、腸や膀胱の筋収縮を刺激して 消化や排泄を促します。その結果として、副交感神経系は体が休息している時に エネルギー貯蔵を回復させて、ホメオスタシスを維持します。

スチュワート、ジュリアンM.「起立性不耐症の一般的な症候群」 小児科131、第5号(2013年5月):968-80。[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2610" target="__blank">ソース</a>]

副交感神経の働き

<h4>概要</h4>
 
 副交感神経は、自律神経系の2大部門のうちの1つです。この副交感神経系は、心拍数や消化など、多くの無意識の機能を調節する役割を担っています。この副交感神経系は、脳と末梢神経系の両方に存在するニューロンで構成されており、その軸索を対象となる筋肉、器官、腺に送ります。
 
 <h4>休息と消化のシステム</h4>
 
 副交感神経が働くと、体がリラックスし、資源の補給や恒常性の回復などの機能が促進される傾向があります。そのため、副交感神経は「休息と消化」のシステムとも呼ばれています。副交感神経系は、攻撃や危害の恐れがなく、基本的な「家事」に資源を投入しても安全な平穏な時間帯に優位になります。
 
 <h4>副交感神経系の制御</h4>
 
 副交感神経系は、視床下部をはじめとする脳のさまざまな部分から活性化されます。副交感神経は、脳幹や脊髄の仙骨部にある前交感神経細胞が、まず、末梢神経系の神経節に軸索を送り出します。この神経節には、節前ニューロンと節後ニューロンの接続部があり、制御する器官や腺の近くに位置しています。 ここから節後ニューロンは、平滑筋、心筋、腺などの標的組織に軸索を送ります。神経伝達物質であるアセチルコリンは、これらの標的の活動を調整するために使用されます。
 
 副交感神経が活性化すると、心拍数を下げたり、瞳孔を収縮させたりして、体をリラックスした状態に戻すなど、体にさまざまな影響を与えます。また、唾液の分泌や胃腸の蠕動運動、膀胱の収縮による尿の排出など、消化や排泄を促す作用もあります。また、膵臓からのインスリン分泌を促進することで、蓄えられたエネルギーを回復させます。最後に、生殖器への血流を増加させることで、生殖を促進する効果もあります。
 
 <h4>「立ち上がる」</h4>
 
 心拍数と血流のコントロールは、立ち上がるという日常的な作業にも不可欠です。起立性不耐症の人は、直立した姿勢をとるだけで、慢性的なふらつきや失神を起こすことがあります。自律神経系は、起立時に必要な血管系や心拍数の変化をコントロールします。特に副交感神経系は、脳動脈の血管拡張や血管周囲の筋肉の弛緩を促す信号を出しています。副交感神経の信号伝達がうまくいかないと、脳への血流が不足して意識を失うことがあります。

概要

副交感神経系は、自律神経系の2つの主要な部門のうちの1つです。この副交感神経系が原因です...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

生物学

Human Biology

ヒト生物学

Nervous System

神経系

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

rest and digest: parasympathetic control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands.

This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active during calm times, when the body can focus on basic housekeeping functions instead of responding to danger. In this state, the body can use resources for recovery and maintenance.

The parasympathetic nervous system can be activated by parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus. Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord send axons to ganglia, which are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. These ganglia lie near the organs or glands they control, where they link preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Postganglionic neurons then carry signals to target tissues, which are usually smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is typically used to control these targets. When this system is active, heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion and excretion increase, and the pancreas releases more insulin to help rebuild energy stores. It also increases blood flow to the genitals, which supports reproduction.

This control system is also important during standing up. People with orthostatic intolerance, or OI, can feel lightheaded or faint when they move into an upright posture, a change called orthostasis. The autonomic nervous system adjusts heart rate and blood vessels during this shift, and the parasympathetic system helps signals that allow vasodilation, or widening of the cerebral arteries. If this signaling does not work properly, the brain may not get enough blood, which can cause loss of consciousness.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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the parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

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key terms and concepts

Learn how the parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate, supports digestion, and helps the body adjust when standing up.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control | JoVE K12

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Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

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Negative and Positive Feedback

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HS-LS1-3

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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