Name: how sunlight shapes daily weather
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:42.000Z
Duration: 1 min 7 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.5.2

What is Weather?

天気とは 短期間の大気の状態を表すもので 太陽、大気、海、陸地の 影響を受けています 太陽エネルギーが大気に入ってくると 陸地や水面で吸収され 赤外線熱放射が放出され、大気が温められます 地表近くの軽く暖かい大気は、上昇し 大気を押し上げる上昇気流が生まれます この大気は、低気圧となっています その結果、大気は冷たく重くなっていき また下に下がってきます この工程を大気の対流と呼びます この大気の対流と 地球が太陽に対して傾いていることから 毎日、毎週、毎月 大気圧や気温、降雨に変化が生まれます このように、要素は変化します また地球上の位置によっても、天気は異なります

エッテマ、ディック、マルガレータ・フリマン、ラース・E・オルソン、トミー・ゲルリング 「旅行関連の気分と旅行満足度に対する季節と天候の影響」 Frontiers in Psychology 8 (2017年2月6日)。[<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00140" target="__blank">ソース</a>]

天気とは？

<h4>概要</h4>
 
 天気（天候）とは、特定の時間と場所における大気の状態の現状を指します。天候は一時的なもので、太陽、大気（地球を取り巻く気体）、水圏（地球上の水域）、地圏（地球上の陸域）の相互作用によって影響を受けます。これらの要素は場所や時間によって異なるため、地球上ではさまざまな天気が観測されます。
 
 <h4>太陽放射と温室効果</h4>
 
 太陽放射は大気を透過して、表面の水や陸地と相互作用します。これらの表面は、エネルギーを熱放射、または熱として放出し、空気を暖めます。熱は、大気を通って宇宙に逃げていくか、特定の大気ガスによって大気中に閉じ込められ、地球を暖め続けます。このような大気中の熱の滞留は、温室効果と呼ばれています。いわゆる温室効果ガスは、他のガスに比べてより多くの熱を保持します。
 
 暖かい空気は冷たい空気よりも密度が低いため、暖かい空気は上昇します。上昇した空気は、気圧の低い上層大気に向かう鉛直方向の流れを作ります。熱放射源から離れていくと、空気は冷え始め、密度が高くなり、再び下降していく。このプロセスは、対流循環として知られています。 
 
 <h4>日々の天気</h4>
 
 天気は通常、気温、気圧、風、湿度、降水量、雲の6つのパラメータで測定されます。気象予報士は、これらの条件を測定し、過去の観測結果の傾向に基づいて近い将来の天気を予測します。例えば、気圧は上空の大気の重さを表しています。高気圧は気温が低く晴れているとき、低気圧は気温が高く嵐が発生しているときに見られます。気圧の低下や上昇を観測することで、気象学者は、傘を持っていくべきか、それとも晴れの日を期待すべきかを短期的に予測できます。
 
 <h4>極端な気象現象</h4>
 
 異常気象には、熱波、寒波、ハリケーン、竜巻、干ばつ、洪水などがあります。これらのイベントは突然発生することが多く、そのため予測が困難です。通常、異常気象は、ある地域の過去の分布で観測された条件との関連で説明されます。これらの過去の記録を用いた研究によると、人為的な気候変動により、日々の気温と降水量の極端な変化の頻度と強度が増加していることが示されています。また、気候モデルによると、気候変動に伴い、北部寒冷地域で夏の異常気象が続くなど、地球上でより多くの異常気象が発生すると考えられています。

概要

天気とは、特定の時間と場所における大気の状態を指します。天候は一時的なものであり、...

Education

JoVE Core

生物学

Ecology

生態学

Biodiversity and Conservation

生物多様性と保全

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

how sunlight shapes daily weather

Weather is the current state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. It is temporary and changes from one location to another. Weather is shaped by the interaction of the sun, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.

Solar radiation reaches Earth and interacts with water and land. These surfaces release that energy as thermal radiation, or heat, which warms the air above them. Some of that heat escapes back into space, but some is trapped by atmospheric gases. This heat retention is called the greenhouse effect, and greenhouse gases hold more heat than other gases.

Warm air is less dense than cold air, so it rises. As it rises into areas of lower atmospheric pressure, it cools, becomes denser, and falls again. This movement creates convection circulation, which helps move heat through the atmosphere.

Daily weather is measured using six main factors: temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, and cloudiness. Meteorologists track these conditions and use past observations to predict short-term weather changes. Atmospheric pressure is the weight of the air above us. High pressure is often linked to cooler temperatures and clear skies, while low pressure is often linked to warmer weather and storms. A rise or drop in pressure can help weather forecasters decide whether to expect sunshine or bring an umbrella.

Extreme weather events include heat waves, cold waves, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, and floods. These events can happen suddenly, so they are harder to predict than day-to-day weather. Scientists describe them using historical records for a specific place. Research shows that human-caused climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of some daily temperature and precipitation extremes. Climate models also suggest more extreme weather in the future, including persistent summer extremes in northern latitudes.

How Sunlight Shapes Daily Weather

what is weather?

Weather is the current state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. It is temporary and changes from one location to another. Weather is shaped by the interaction of the sun, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Solar radiation reaches Earth and interacts with water and land. These surfaces release that energy as thermal radiation, or heat, which warms the air above them. Some of that heat escapes back into space, but some is trapped by atmospheric gases. This heat retention is...

global climate change

Ancient Clues to Climate Change

Ancient climate clues help scientists track global climate change. Paleoclimatology is the study of climate conditions in Earth’s past and the causes and effects behind them. By comparing recent climate patterns with older records, researchers can find strong evidence for human-caused warming. Earth’s climate has changed many times over its 4.5 billion year history. In the last 650,000 years, there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat. The most recent ice age ended more than...

what is biodiversity?

Biodiversity Across Genes, Species, and Ecosystems

Biodiversity is the variety of living things at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. It includes not only how many kinds of organisms exist, but also how they are related and how they interact with the world around them. Species diversity spans the full evolutionary tree. It includes single-celled prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea, as well as the eukaryotic kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi, and protists. About 1.75 million species have been identified so far, and scientists...

threats to biodiversity

How Humans Change Biodiversity

Human activity is changing biodiversity and pushing Earth toward a sixth extinction event. Earlier mass extinctions ended many species, and then new species spread into the changed environment. Today, the Holocene epoch is seeing a mass extinction linked to human actions, and it is often called the Anthropocene. Human numbers and human biomass show how large this impact has become. In 2019, the human population reached 7.7 billion and is projected to rise to 10 billion by 2060. By biomass,...

conservation of declining populations

Saving Species Through Population Recovery

Conservation of declining populations focuses on detecting a population drop, finding its cause, and stopping further loss. The goal is to prevent extinction by using scientific methods to identify the agents behind the decline. Once the cause is known, conservation teams can remove, oppose, or neutralize it. A common step is to test possible causes with a small trial group. If the cause is confirmed, the remaining animals may be moved to an unaffected area. When the population is too small or...

biodiversity and human values

Biodiversity in Food, Tools, and Medicine

Biodiversity supports human life through food, tools, medicine, and many other needs. Changes in the variety of species can also change the environment. Those environmental shifts can alter weather patterns and affect human civilizations. People have depended on biodiversity for agriculture since early human history. Agriculture began when ancestral humans found species that were good sources of food. At least 11,000 years ago, people started selecting plant and animal species to raise on...

what is conservation biology?

Protecting Biodiversity in Conservation Biology

Conservation biology is the science of protecting biodiversity and keeping ecosystems healthy. It looks at how living things, habitats, and human needs are connected. The goal is to preserve biodiversity so ecosystems can continue to function well. Healthy ecosystems provide people with important natural resources. These include food, medicines, and building materials. Ecosystems also deliver key services, such as cleaning air and water. Evidence shows that these services depend on...

what is climate?

Climate Patterns and Earth’s Energy Balance

Climate describes the usual weather conditions in a place over a long period of time. The idea is simple: climate is what you expect, while weather is what you get. Climate is shaped by geographic factors such as latitude, terrain, and how close an area is to bodies of water. Weather and climate are related, but they work on different time scales. Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Climate is the average pattern of weather over much longer periods. Because of...

sustainable development

Protecting Oceans for Sustainable Development

Sustainable development depends on protecting oceans while meeting human needs. As the human population grows and uses more resources, people must stay aware of the planet’s natural limits. The goal is to improve life now without taking away the resources future generations will need. Long-term sustainability depends on understanding how human actions affect ecological systems. Oceans are a major part of this balance. They provide food for people, produce much of the atmosphere’s oxygen, and...

conservation of small populations

Saving Small Populations with Genetic Diversity

Small populations can be hard to save because they often lose genetic diversity. When variation is low, a species has fewer traits that may help it adapt to climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. That makes extinction more likely. Large populations usually have a better chance of surviving new stresses. They are more likely to include individuals with genetic variants that are helpful in changing conditions. Small populations are much less likely to contain this kind...

habitat fragmentation

How Fragmented Habitats Affect Wildlife

Habitat fragmentation breaks one continuous habitat into smaller, separate patches. Human land conversion is a major cause of this change, and slower geological shifts in the physical environment can also fragment habitats. The process usually follows the same stages: perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition. Perforation and dissection often begin during land development. Perforation happens when undeveloped land is cleared for something like a home, and dissection...

key terms and concepts

Learn how solar radiation, the greenhouse effect, convection, and air pressure shape daily weather, plus why extreme weather is harder to predict.

How Sunlight Shapes Daily Weather | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core シリーズは、生物学の重要な概念を説明する 300 を超える簡潔でわかりやすいアニメーション ビデオ レッスンに加え、今日の研究室で行われる実際の研究実験を示す 150 以上の科学者の活動ビデオを通じて、生物学に命を吹き込みます。

How Sunlight Shapes Daily Weather

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