Name: climate patterns and earth’s energy balance
Uploaded: 2025-10-23T11:48:47.000Z
Duration: 1 min 16 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth and Human Activity

ESS.EES.5.1

What is Climate?

気候は何年 何十年または何千年にも渡って ある場所で生じる気象を表し 緯度 地形 近隣の水域などの 地理的条件によって大きく異なります 太陽のエネルギーが 地球に最も近い赤道に沿って より多くの太陽放射が吸収されて 大気中に閉じ込められ 高緯度に比べて 年間気温と降雨量が増加します その反対に 南極と北極は 太陽エネルギーの光線が斜めに当たり これらは地球の表面の広い範囲に広がり 吸収するエネルギーが大幅に減り 気温がはるかに低くなります 地域規模では 地形と水域は 気候において非常に重要な役割を果たします 例えば 南アメリカではアンデス山脈が アマゾンからの湿気の上昇を妨げて 雨の影を作り アタカマ砂漠の乾燥した 乾いた気候になります 長期間にわたる気温と降水量の 周期的な変動もあります 地球が傾斜軸を中心に回転すると 地球の表面に到達する日射量は 緯度によって変化し 季節が生じます

「地球規模の気候システム」 Nature Education Knowledge 3 no. 10 (2012): 24 [<a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-global-climate-system-74649049" target="__blank">出典</a>]

Kiehl, J. T., and Kevin E. Trenberth. "Earth's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78, no. 2 (1997年2月1日): 197-208.[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078%3C0197:EAGMEB%3E2.0.CO;2" target="__blank">ソース</a>]

気候とは？

気候とは、ある特定の地域における長期間にわたる一般的な気象条件のことです。気候とは、特定の地域における長期間の天候のことで、「気候は期待するもの、天候は得るもの」と言われます。気候は、緯度、地形、水域への近さなどの地理的な要因に影響されます。 
 
 <h4>天気と気候</h4>
 
 天気と気候は、時間スケールや予測可能性の点で異なるものの、関連しています。天気は特定の時間と場所における大気の状態を意味し、気候はより長い時間における平均的な気象条件を意味します。予測可能性という点では、天気予報は数日程度ですが、気候は数年、数十年といったかなりの期間にわたってモデル化され、予測できます。 
 
 <h4>気候システム</h4>
 
 地球の気候システムは、相互に影響し合ういくつかの小さなサブシステムから構成されています。大気は、地球を取り巻くガスの包囲網です。水域は、地球の表面、上、下にあるすべての水で構成されています。海洋は、地球の表面の3分の2以上を占めています。海氷、氷河、氷床、雪などの氷は、雪氷圏を構成しており、これも水圏の一部です。地圏（リソスフェア）は地球の地殻で構成されています。最後に、生物圏には、地球上のすべての生態系が含まれます。この生態系には、すべての生物と、大気、水圏、雪氷圏、岩石圏との相互作用が含まれます。これらのサブシステムは、エネルギー、水、運動量を交換しています。これらの複雑な相互作用を駆動する動力源は、太陽からの放射です。 
 
 <h4>惑星のエネルギーバランス</h4>
 
 気候システムは太陽からの放射で動いていますが、太陽放射は地球を氷点下の温度に保つのに十分なエネルギーではないです。気候に大きな影響を与える地球の温度は、太陽放射による熱エネルギーの増幅に依存しています。地球の表面は太陽放射の約49％を吸収し、約20％は大気に吸収されます。この放射が地球を暖め、地球がエネルギーを宇宙に放射することになります。このように、地球の最終的な温度は、吸収されるエネルギーと失われるエネルギーのバランスによって決まります。
 
 <h4>気候変動と社会</h4>
 
 地球の気候は、過去のデータで明らかになっているパターンと比較して、現在急速に変化しています。このような変化は、日常的には気づかないほど微細なものだが、その微細な変化の積み重ねが社会に壊滅的な影響を与える可能性があります。農業や食品製造業は特に気候変動の影響を受けやすく、気候変動による潜在的な影響を予測するモデルがいくつか作られています。気候変動が食糧生産に与える影響は作物や地域によって異なりますが、あるモデルでは、南アジアやアフリカ南部では、食糧難にある大規模な人口にとって重要ないくつかの作物に悪影響が及ぶ可能性が高いと予測しています。

気候とは、特定の地域で長期間にわたって一般的な気象条件を指します。ことわざにあるように、「気候はあなたが期待するものです。...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

生物学

Ecology

生態学

Biodiversity and Conservation

生物多様性と保全

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

climate patterns and earth’s energy balance

Climate describes the usual weather conditions in a place over a long period of time. The idea is simple: climate is what you expect, while weather is what you get. Climate is shaped by geographic factors such as latitude, terrain, and how close an area is to bodies of water.

Weather and climate are related, but they work on different time scales. Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Climate is the average pattern of weather over much longer periods. Because of that, weather forecasts usually reach only a few days ahead, while climate can be modeled over years or even decades.

Earth’s climate system is made of several connected parts. The atmosphere is the layer of gases around Earth. The hydrosphere includes all the water on, above, or below the surface. Oceans cover more than two-thirds of Earth’s surface. The cryosphere includes ice, such as sea ice, glaciers, ice sheets, and snow, and it is part of the hydrosphere. The geosphere, also called the lithosphere, is Earth’s crust. The biosphere includes all ecosystems and living organisms, along with their interactions with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and lithosphere.

These subsystems exchange energy, water, and momentum. The main driver of these interactions is radiation from the Sun. Solar radiation powers the climate system, but it does not provide enough energy by itself to keep Earth above freezing. Earth’s temperature depends on how solar energy is amplified and transferred as thermal energy.

Earth’s surface absorbs about 49% of incoming solar radiation, and the atmosphere absorbs about 20%. This absorbed energy warms the planet. Earth then radiates energy back into space. The planet’s temperature depends on the balance between energy absorbed and energy lost.

Earth’s climate is now changing rapidly compared with patterns seen in historical data. These changes are small from day to day, but they can build up over time and affect society in serious ways. Agriculture and food production are especially vulnerable to climate change. Models show that the effects vary by crop and region, and one model predicts negative impacts in South Asia and Southern Africa for several crops that support large food-insecure populations.

Climate Patterns and Earth’s Energy Balance

climate-patterns-and-earths-energy-balance

what is weather?

How Sunlight Shapes Daily Weather

Weather is the current state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. It is temporary and changes from one location to another. Weather is shaped by the interaction of the sun, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Solar radiation reaches Earth and interacts with water and land. These surfaces release that energy as thermal radiation, or heat, which warms the air above them. Some of that heat escapes back into space, but some is trapped by atmospheric gases. This heat retention is...

global climate change

Ancient Clues to Climate Change

Ancient climate clues help scientists track global climate change. Paleoclimatology is the study of climate conditions in Earth’s past and the causes and effects behind them. By comparing recent climate patterns with older records, researchers can find strong evidence for human-caused warming. Earth’s climate has changed many times over its 4.5 billion year history. In the last 650,000 years, there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat. The most recent ice age ended more than...

what is biodiversity?

Biodiversity Across Genes, Species, and Ecosystems

Biodiversity is the variety of living things at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. It includes not only how many kinds of organisms exist, but also how they are related and how they interact with the world around them. Species diversity spans the full evolutionary tree. It includes single-celled prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea, as well as the eukaryotic kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi, and protists. About 1.75 million species have been identified so far, and scientists...

threats to biodiversity

How Humans Change Biodiversity

Human activity is changing biodiversity and pushing Earth toward a sixth extinction event. Earlier mass extinctions ended many species, and then new species spread into the changed environment. Today, the Holocene epoch is seeing a mass extinction linked to human actions, and it is often called the Anthropocene. Human numbers and human biomass show how large this impact has become. In 2019, the human population reached 7.7 billion and is projected to rise to 10 billion by 2060. By biomass,...

conservation of declining populations

Saving Species Through Population Recovery

Conservation of declining populations focuses on detecting a population drop, finding its cause, and stopping further loss. The goal is to prevent extinction by using scientific methods to identify the agents behind the decline. Once the cause is known, conservation teams can remove, oppose, or neutralize it. A common step is to test possible causes with a small trial group. If the cause is confirmed, the remaining animals may be moved to an unaffected area. When the population is too small or...

biodiversity and human values

Biodiversity in Food, Tools, and Medicine

Biodiversity supports human life through food, tools, medicine, and many other needs. Changes in the variety of species can also change the environment. Those environmental shifts can alter weather patterns and affect human civilizations. People have depended on biodiversity for agriculture since early human history. Agriculture began when ancestral humans found species that were good sources of food. At least 11,000 years ago, people started selecting plant and animal species to raise on...

what is conservation biology?

Protecting Biodiversity in Conservation Biology

Conservation biology is the science of protecting biodiversity and keeping ecosystems healthy. It looks at how living things, habitats, and human needs are connected. The goal is to preserve biodiversity so ecosystems can continue to function well. Healthy ecosystems provide people with important natural resources. These include food, medicines, and building materials. Ecosystems also deliver key services, such as cleaning air and water. Evidence shows that these services depend on...

what is climate?

Climate describes the usual weather conditions in a place over a long period of time. The idea is simple: climate is what you expect, while weather is what you get. Climate is shaped by geographic factors such as latitude, terrain, and how close an area is to bodies of water. Weather and climate are related, but they work on different time scales. Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Climate is the average pattern of weather over much longer periods. Because of...

sustainable development

Protecting Oceans for Sustainable Development

Sustainable development depends on protecting oceans while meeting human needs. As the human population grows and uses more resources, people must stay aware of the planet’s natural limits. The goal is to improve life now without taking away the resources future generations will need. Long-term sustainability depends on understanding how human actions affect ecological systems. Oceans are a major part of this balance. They provide food for people, produce much of the atmosphere’s oxygen, and...

conservation of small populations

Saving Small Populations with Genetic Diversity

Small populations can be hard to save because they often lose genetic diversity. When variation is low, a species has fewer traits that may help it adapt to climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. That makes extinction more likely. Large populations usually have a better chance of surviving new stresses. They are more likely to include individuals with genetic variants that are helpful in changing conditions. Small populations are much less likely to contain this kind...

habitat fragmentation

How Fragmented Habitats Affect Wildlife

Habitat fragmentation breaks one continuous habitat into smaller, separate patches. Human land conversion is a major cause of this change, and slower geological shifts in the physical environment can also fragment habitats. The process usually follows the same stages: perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition. Perforation and dissection often begin during land development. Perforation happens when undeveloped land is cleared for something like a home, and dissection...

key terms and concepts

Explore how climate differs from weather, how Earth’s climate system works, and why solar energy balance and climate change matter for food production.

Climate Patterns and Earth’s Energy Balance | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core シリーズは、生物学の重要な概念を説明する 300 を超える簡潔でわかりやすいアニメーション ビデオ レッスンに加え、今日の研究室で行われる実際の研究実験を示す 150 以上の科学者の活動ビデオを通じて、生物学に命を吹き込みます。

Climate Patterns and Earth’s Energy Balance

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