Name: in-group bias and scapegoating
Uploaded: 2020-02-12T11:07:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.O

In- and Out-Groups

社交的な環境では、性別などのカテゴリーに基づくものや、特別な興味に基づくものなど、人々はしばしばグループに分かれます。

このような分類は、仲間のメンバーに対するえ こひいきや感情的なつながりを誘発し、社会世界を「私たち」と「彼ら」に分ける、つまり、個人が属していると特定する特定のユニットである内集団と、根本的に異なると見なされる人々の集合体である外集団を作り出すことができる。

この場合、全員がグループ内のアイデンティティと自尊心の支配的な源で武装しており、その強い結びつきがグループ内のバイアス、つまり他のグループよりもつながっているグループを好むことを生み出す可能性があります。

個人が肯定的な自己認識を維持すると、特定の内集団内の人々を保護するために偏見や差別が発生する可能性があります。

その結果、内集団は、彼らが知覚した不幸について、外集団 のせいにする可能性があります。この概念はスケープゴートと呼ばれ、結果を達成するために内集団が何らかの苛立ちや脅威を感じたときに、外集団を非難する行為です。

良いニュースは、社会の不安定性はグループ間で和解できるということです。例えば、意図的なコミュニケーションを通じて、内集団は外集団 の経験を認識し、共感することで、前向きな変化を刺激することができます。

イングループとアウトグループ

人々は皆、性別、人種、年齢、社会経済グループに属しています。これらの集団は、私たちのアイデンティティと自尊心の強力な源泉を提供し(Tajfel & Turner, 1979)、私たちの内集団として機能し ている。イングループとは、私たちが自分自身を同一視する、または属していると見なすグループです。

私たちが属していないグループ、つまりアウトグループは、私たちが自分とは根本的に異なると見なすグループです。たとえば、あなたが女性の場合、性別の内集団にはすべての女性が含まれ、性別の外集団にはすべての男性が含まれます。人々はしばしば、性別グループは性格特性、特性、社会的役割、および興味において互いに根本的に異なると見なします。

私たちはしばしば、自分の内集団に対する強い帰属意識や感情的なつながりを感じるため、内集団バイアス、つまり他のグループよりも自分のグループを好む傾向を抱くようになります。この内集団バイアスは、外集団が私たちの内集団とは異なると認識され、あまり好まれないため、偏見や差別につながる可能性があります。偏見の1つの機能は、私たちが自分自身について気分が良くなり、肯定的な自己概念を維持するのを助けることです。この自分自身について良い気分になる必要性は、私たちの内集団にまで及びます:私たちは気分が良くなり、内集団を守りたいのです。私たちは、脅威を個別に、またはグループ内レベルで解決することを目指しています。これは、問題の責任をアウトグループのせいにすることでよく起こります。スケープゴートとは、内集団がフラストレーションを感じたり、ゴールを奪うのを阻まれたりしたときに、集団を非難する行為である(Allport, 1954)。

集団を対立に追いやるだけのように思える集団力学にもかかわらず、共感の表現、双方の過去の苦しみの認識、破壊的な行動の停止など、集団間の和解を促進する力があります。

このビデオの猫とウサギ

ここでは、猫とウサギが比喩として使用され、選択した内グループと外グループを表しています。例えば、スポーツファンであれば、自分のチームと相手チームを考えることができるかもしれません。   

 

このテキストは<a href="https://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@10.24:nhpI4cUs@13/12-5-Prejudice-and-Discrimination" target="_blank">OpenStax, Psychology.OpenStax CNXの</a>

人々は皆、性別、人種、年齢、社会経済グループに属しています。これらのグループは、私たちのアイデンティティと自尊心の強力な源泉を提供します(Tajfel & ...

Education

JoVE Core

Social Psychology

社会心理学

Foundations of Social Psychology

社会心理学の基礎

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

ステレオタイプ、偏見、そして差別

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

in-group bias and scapegoating

In-group bias and scapegoating help explain how people react to groups they belong to and groups they see as different. An in-group is a group a person identifies with or feels part of. An out-group is a group a person does not belong to and sees as fundamentally different.

People often use group membership as part of their identity and self-esteem. Gender, race, age, and social economic group can all serve as in-groups. For example, if a person is female, females are the in-group and males are the out-group. People may see gender groups as different in personality traits, social roles, characteristics, and interests.

Because people feel a strong sense of belonging to their in-groups, they can develop in-group bias. This is a preference for their own group over other groups. In-group bias can lead to prejudice and discrimination because the out-group is seen as different and is less preferred.

Prejudice can also help people maintain a positive self-concept. That need to feel good about oneself can extend to the in-group as well. When people feel threatened, they may try to protect their group. One response is scapegoating, which means blaming an out-group when the in-group is frustrated or blocked from reaching a goal.

Not all group conflict stays the same. Some forces can support reconciliation between groups. These include empathy, recognition of past suffering on both sides, and stopping destructive behavior. In this video, cats and rabbits act as a metaphor for the in-groups and out-groups people choose, such as one sports team and an opposing team.

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating

in- and out-groups

In-group bias and scapegoating help explain how people react to groups they belong to and groups they see as different. An in-group is a group a person identifies with or feels part of. An out-group is a group a person does not belong to and sees as fundamentally different. People often use group membership as part of their identity and self-esteem. Gender, race, age, and social economic group can all serve as in-groups. For example, if a person is female, females are the in-group and males...

stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination

How Bias Shapes Social Group Behavior

Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination are ways bias can shape how people think and act toward social groups. Social groups help form identity, and people can belong to many groups at once, including gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, social class, religion, sexual orientation, and profession. Differences can be hard for some people to accept, but education, contact, and relationships with other cultural groups can reduce prejudice. Even imagining a positive interaction with someone from...

stereotype content model

Warmth and Competence in Stereotypes

The Stereotype Content Model explains how people judge social groups using two main ideas: warmth and competence. Warmth means a group’s perceived intent, or whether it seems likely to help or cause harm. Competence means the group’s ability to carry out that intent. Susan Fiske and colleagues first proposed this model, and it helps show why first impressions can shape behavior toward other people. The model places stereotypes into four main categories. A group can be low in warmth and low in...

robbers cave

Robbers Cave and Group Conflict

The Robbers Cave study shows how group conflict can grow when teams are forced to compete. In the 1950s, two boys’ groups at an Oklahoma summer camp, called the Rattlers and the Eagles, entered a week-long tournament. As the competition continued, their hostility grew into name-calling, fistfights, vandalism, and damage to property. The study also showed one way to reduce that tension. Researchers used superordinate goals, which are shared goals that groups can only reach by working together.

stereotype threat and self-fulfilling prophecies

stereotype-threat-and-self-fulfilling-prophecies

How Stereotypes Shape Behavior

Stereotypes can shape behavior through self-fulfilling prophecy and confirmation bias. A self-fulfilling prophecy happens when an expectation changes how someone acts, and that behavior helps make the expectation come true. When people hold stereotypes about others, they may treat them in ways that match those expectations. That treatment can then push the other person to act in the same way, which seems to confirm the stereotype. A classic study by Rosenthal and Jacobson in 1968 showed this...

key terms and concepts

Learn how in-groups, out-groups, in-group bias, prejudice, and scapegoating shape group conflict, identity, and reconciliation in social psychology.

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Social Psychology offers a comprehensive learning experience on the principles of social behavior through concise, animated video lessons. The series explores key topics such as self-concept, social cognition, group dynamics, stereotypes, and relationships. It provides a structured foundation for understanding human behavior in social situations. Students gain insights into how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts while examining the psychological processes that influence interactions and judgments. By integrating theory with real-world applications, these lessons offer a clear and engaging approach to mastering essential concepts in social psychology.

social psychology

JoVE Core 社会心理学は、私たちの社会的世界の基盤を活性化します。66の簡潔で理解しやすいアニメーションビデオレッスンを通じて、この分野の重要な概念を説明します。さらに、別の25の活動する科学者が実演するビデオでは、実験室で行われた古典的で独創的な研究実験を示します。

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3.1.9-12.V

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating

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