Name: naming benzene derivatives with one group
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:30:47.000Z
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K12 Standards

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NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Physical Science

Matter and its Interactions

PS.PSc.2.2

nomenclature-of-aromatic-compounds-with-a-single-substituent

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent

IUPACの命名法によれば、モノ置換ベンゼン誘導体は、親ベンゼンに置換基の名前を接頭辞として付けて命名されます。
IUPACは、単純なモノ置換ベンゼン誘導体の一般名も受け入れています。例えば、メチルベンゼンにはトルエン、ヒドロキシベンゼンにはフェノールなどです。
ベンゼンとそのアルキル置換誘導体は、しばしばアレーンと呼ばれます。それらはアルキル基のサイズに応じて名前が付けられています。
アルキル基の炭素数が6つ以下の場合、アレーンはアルキル置換ベンゼンと呼ばれます。
逆に、アルキル基が炭素数が6個以上ある場合や、他の官能基から構成されている場合、ベンゼン環は置換基として扱われます。そして、そのアレーンはフェニル置換化合物と呼ばれます。
Ph–と略されるフェニルという名前は、2-フェニルヘプタンなどの置換基としてのベンゼンのC6H5基を表します。
同様に、ベンジル(Bn–と略される)は、塩化ベンジルなどの置換基としてのフェニルメチル基を表します。
Arylは、Ar–と略され、芳香環から水素原子が除去された後のアレーンに由来する置換基です。

単一の置換基を持つ芳香族化合物の命名法

ベンゼンは最も単純な芳香族炭化水素またはアレーンです。 単純な一置換ベンゼン誘導体の IUPAC 名は、親ベンゼンに接頭辞として置換基の名前を追加することによって得られます。 たとえば、ハロベンゼンの場合、ハロゲンはフルオロ (F)、クロロ (Cl)、ブロモ (Br)、およびヨード (I) です。

<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/12449/12449_PT_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 100px;">

芳香族化合物の名前は、ベンゼン環に結合しているアルキル基の鎖長によっても異なります。 アルキル鎖の炭素数が 6 以下の場合、その化合物はアルキル置換ベンゼンと呼ばれます。 たとえば、プロピルベンゼンでは、アルキル基の炭素数は 3 です。

<img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/12449/12449_PT_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 125px;">

ただし、アルキル鎖の炭素数が 6 個を超える場合、または他の優先的な官能基が含まれる場合、その化合物はフェニル置換誘導体と呼ばれます。 ベンゼンから得られる置換基はフェニル (Ph-) 基と呼ばれますが、トルエンから得られる置換基はベンジル (Bn-) 基と呼ばれます。 たとえば、1-フェニルヘプタンの場合、アルキル鎖の炭素数は 7 です。

<img alt="Figure3" src="/files/ftp_upload/12449/12449_PT_Figure_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 120px;">

ケトン官能基を有する1-フェニル-1-ペンタノン、

<img alt="Figure4" src="/files/ftp_upload/12449/12449_PT_Figure_4.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 100px;">

ジフェニルエーテル、ここで重要な官能基はエーテル、

<img alt="Figure5" src="/files/ftp_upload/12449/12449_PT_Figure_5.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 80px;">

トルエンから誘導される臭化ベンジル。

<img alt="Figure6" src="/files/ftp_upload/12449/12449_PT_Figure_6.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 100px;">

一般に、水素を失ってアレーンから誘導される置換基はアリールと呼ばれます。 単純な一置換ベンゼン誘導体のいくつかは、IUPAC 命名法で受け入れられる一般名を取得しています。 たとえば、ビニルベンゼンはスチレン、イソプロピルベンゼンはクメンです。 ベンズアルデヒドや安息香酸も他の例です。

<img alt="Figure7" src="/files/ftp_upload/12449/12449_PT_Figure_7.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 120px;">

ベンゼンは、最も単純な芳香族炭化水素またはアレーンです。単純なモノ置換ベンゼン誘導体のIUPAC名は、...

Education

JoVE Core

Organic Chemistry

有機化学

Unit 1

ユニット1

Aromatic Compounds

芳香族化合物

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

naming benzene derivatives with one group

Benzene derivatives with one substituent are named by attaching the substituent name to benzene. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, also called an arene. For simple monosubstituted benzene compounds, IUPAC naming uses the group name as a prefix.

Halogen-substituted benzene compounds follow this pattern. The halogen prefix can be fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. When an alkyl group is attached to the benzene ring, the name depends on the chain length of that group.

If the alkyl chain has six or fewer carbons, the compound is named as an alkyl-substituted benzene. Propylbenzene is one example, and its alkyl group has three carbons. If the alkyl chain has more than six carbons, or if another preferred functional group is present, the compound is named as a phenyl-substituted derivative.

The benzene-derived substituent is called phenyl, written as Ph-. The group derived from toluene is called benzyl, written as Bn-. Examples include 1-phenylheptane, 1-phenyl-1-pentanone, diphenyl ether, and benzyl bromide. In general, substituents formed from arenes by loss of hydrogen are called aryl groups. Some simple monosubstituted benzene derivatives also have common names accepted by IUPAC, including styrene for vinylbenzene, cumene for isopropylbenzene, benzaldehyde, and benzoic acid.

Naming Benzene Derivatives with One Group

naming-benzene-derivatives-with-one-group

aromatic compounds: overview

Aromatic Compounds in Plants and Fuels

Aromatic compounds are linked to both pleasant smells and important chemical structures. The word aromatic first came from fragrant natural sources such as fresh flowers and spices. Early organic chemists isolated benzene derivatives from oils of plants, including vanillin from vanilla, methyl salicylate from wintergreen, and cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon. The history of benzene also helped shape the idea of aromatic compounds. In 1825, Faraday isolated benzene from compressed illuminating gas,...

nomenclature of aromatic compounds with a single substituent

Benzene derivatives with one substituent are named by attaching the substituent name to benzene. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, also called an arene. For simple monosubstituted benzene compounds, IUPAC naming uses the group name as a prefix. Halogen-substituted benzene compounds follow this pattern. The halogen prefix can be fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. When an alkyl group is attached to the benzene ring, the name depends on the chain length of that group. If the alkyl chain...

nomenclature of aromatic compounds with multiple substituents

nomenclature-of-aromatic-compounds-with-multiple-substituents

Naming Benzene Rings with Multiple Groups

Naming benzene rings with multiple groups depends on how many substituents are attached. For benzene derivatives with two groups, three constitutional isomers are possible. The position of each group is described with IUPAC naming rules. For disubstituted benzene compounds, the relative positions can be shown with ortho, meta, and para. These terms are also written as o, m, and p. They can also be written with numbers, such as 1,2- for ortho, 1,3- for meta, and 1,4- for para. Dimethyl benzene,...

structure of benzene: kekul&eacute; model

Kekule’s Benzene Model and Its Limits

Kekule’s benzene model describes benzene as a six-carbon ring with alternating pi bonds. August Kekule proposed this structure in 1865 from the formula C6H6, the idea that all benzene hydrogens are equivalent, and the rule that each carbon has four bonds because of tetravalency. In this model, each carbon is attached to one hydrogen atom. It also predicts two isomers for 1,2-disubstituted benzene derivatives. In one form, the substituted carbons are linked by a double bond, and in the other...

structure of benzene: molecular orbital model

structure-of-benzene-molecular-orbital-model

Benzene π Orbitals and Electron Delocalization

Benzene has a planar ring structure with delocalized π electrons. Its six carbon atoms form a regular hexagon, and each carbon is sp2 hybridized. The C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles are 120°, which matches the flat shape of the ring. Each carbon is bonded to three other atoms. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm. That C–C distance is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons, 154 pm, and the sp2 value, 133 pm. Beneath and above the ring plane,...

criteria for aromaticity and the h&uuml;ckel 4n + 2 rule

criteria-for-aromaticity-and-the-hckel-4n-2-rule

H&uuml;ckel Rule and Aromatic Ring Criteria

Aromatic rings follow H&amp;uuml;ckel’s rule, also called the 4n + 2 rule. This rule helps identify which unsaturated cyclic compounds are aromatic and why some ring systems are unstable instead. Benzene is the classic example, while cyclobutadiene and cyclooctatetraene show different behavior and are not aromatic. Eric H&amp;uuml;ckel, a German chemical physicist, first described the structural features needed for aromaticity. An aromatic compound must be cyclic, planar, and continuously...

h&uuml;ckel's rule diagram of &pi; mos: frost circle

Frost Circle for Pi Orbital Energies

The Frost circle is a graphical method for showing the relative energies of pi molecular orbitals in planar, fully conjugated, monocyclic compounds. It is also called the inscribed polygon method. A. A. Frost and Boris Musulin first described this method in 1953. To build a Frost circle, draw a polygon with the same number of edges as the number of carbons in the cyclic system. Place one vertex pointing downward. Then draw a circle around the polygon so that every vertex touches the circle.

frost circles for different conjugated systems

frost-circles-for-different-conjugated-systems

Using Frost Circles to Test Aromaticity

Frost circles help test whether a cyclic compound is aromatic by using the inscribed polygon method and Hückel’s 4n + 2 rule. A compound is stable and aromatic when every bonding molecular orbital (MO) is completely filled with a pair of electrons. If electrons occupy non-bonding or antibonding orbitals, the compound is unstable and not aromatic. Frost circle diagrams for cycloalkenes with 4 to 8 carbons show a clear pattern. The number of bonding MOs is always odd. The electrons needed to...

aromatic hydrocarbon anions: structural overview

aromatic-hydrocarbon-anions-structural-overview

Cyclopentadienyl Anion and Aromaticity

Cyclopentadiene is a neutral hydrocarbon that is not aromatic. It contains an odd number of carbon atoms and one CH2 group in the ring. With only 4 pi electrons, it does not follow the 4n + 2 pi electron rule. The CH2 carbon is sp3 hybridized, so it has no vacant p orbital to keep p orbitals overlapped around the ring. That break in overlap stops pi electrons from spreading across the entire ring. As a result, cyclopentadiene does not meet the usual aromaticity criteria. If one hydrogen is...

aromatic hydrocarbon cations: structural overview

aromatic-hydrocarbon-cations-structural-overview

Cycloheptatrienyl Cation and Aromaticity

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon with seven carbon atoms. One carbon in the ring is sp3 hybridized, which breaks the continuous overlap of p orbitals. Even though the ring has three double bonds and 6 π electrons, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic because the p orbitals do not form one uninterrupted loop. Removing one hydrogen from the CH2 group changes the ring. If that hydrogen is removed with both, one, or no electrons, the products are the cycloheptatrienyl...

five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds: overview

five-membered-heterocyclic-aromatic-compounds-overview

Five-Membered Aromatic Rings with Heteroatoms

Five-membered aromatic rings with heteroatoms are cyclic compounds that contain one or more atoms other than carbon in the ring. They are aromatic and can have either five or six atoms in the ring. Common examples include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. These rings differ by the heteroatom present. Pyrrole has one nitrogen atom with one lone pair of electrons. Furan has one oxygen atom, and thiophene has one sulfur atom. Both furan and thiophene have two lone pairs of electrons.

nmr spectroscopy of aromatic compounds

Aromatic Ring Shifts in NMR Spectra

Aromatic ring shifts in NMR spectra help identify aromatic compounds using proton NMR and carbon-13 NMR. Aromatic hydrogens are often strongly deshielded by the aromatic ring current, so they usually appear in the 6.5–8.0 ppm range in proton NMR. In benzene, the hydrogens directly bonded to the ring absorb at 7.3 ppm. Larger aromatic rings can place hydrogens outside the usual range. In [18]annulene, the 12 outer hydrogens are highly deshielded by the ring current and absorb downfield at 9.3...

key terms and concepts

Learn how benzene derivatives with one substituent are named, including halobenzene, alkylbenzene, phenyl, benzyl, and common IUPAC names.

Naming Benzene Derivatives with One Group | JoVE K12

organic chemistry

JoVE Core 有機化学では、立体化学、反応、メカニズムの基本概念を、簡潔でわかりやすいアニメーション ビデオ レッスンを使用して説明します。さらに、科学者の実際のビデオでは、世界中の今日の研究室で行われている古典的および独自の研究実験における関連概念の適用を示しています。

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Naming Benzene Derivatives with One Group

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