Name: energy changes in a closed system
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:57:07.000Z
Duration: 54 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Physical Science

Energy

PS.PSc.7.2

Conservation of Energy

エネルギー保存の法則は、孤立したシステムの総エネルギーは常に保存されると述べています。これは、エネルギーはある形態から別の形態にのみ変換できることを意味します。
たとえば、崖の頂上に蓄えられた水の位置エネルギーは、落下するときに運動エネルギーに変換されます。
同様に、丸太を燃やすと、木材に蓄えられた位置エネルギーが光と熱の形で運動エネルギーに変換されます。
数学的には、エネルギー保存の法則は、運動エネルギー、位置エネルギー、および内部エネルギーの変化の合計がゼロに等しいこととして表されます。言い換えれば、1つの形態のエネルギーが減少すると、それは他の形態のエネルギーの増加によって補償されます。

電気の保存

「保存量」および「保存則」という用語には、物理学における特定の科学的意味があり、日常的に使用される意味とは異なります。 たとえば、日常的な使用においては、水を使用しない、使用量を減らす、または再利用することで水を節約できます。 ただし、科学用語では、系の保存量は一定のままで、一定量だけ変化し、他の系に転送され、その量の他の形式に変換されます。 科学的な意味では、保存された量は変換できますが、厳密に作成または破壊することはできません。 したがって、水の保存に関する物理法則は存在しません。

エネルギー保存では、系の外の力や非保存的な力が作用しない限り、粒子の力学的エネルギーは一定のままです。 この場合、機械的エネルギーの変化は、非保存力によって行われる仕事に等しくなります。 このステートメントは、保守的な仕事しか存在しない限り、古典的粒子のエネルギー保存の概念を表しています。 古典的な粒子は非相対論的であり、ニュートンの運動法則に従う単なる点であることを思い出してください。

このテキストは <a href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/8-3-conservation-of-energy"> から編集されたものです。 Openstax, University Physics Volume 1, Section 8.3: Conservation of Energy.</a>

「保存量」と「保存則」という用語は、物理学において特定の科学的意味を持っています。

Education

JoVE Core

Physics

物理学

Unit 1

ユニット1

Potential Energy and Energy Conservation

ポテンシャルエネルギーとエネルギー保存の法則

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

energy changes in a closed system

Energy changes in a closed system follow a conservation law in physics. A conserved quantity is not the same as the everyday use of the word &quot;conserved.&quot; In science, a conserved quantity stays constant, or it changes by a definite amount that is transferred to another system and converted into another form of the same quantity.

This means a conserved quantity can change form, but it cannot be created or destroyed in a strict physical sense. For that reason, physics does not have a law of conservation of water, even though people may say water is conserved in daily life. In the scientific sense, the system keeps track of the quantity as it moves or changes form.

For a classical particle, mechanical energy stays constant unless something outside the system does work or non-conservative forces act on it. A classical particle is a point mass that is non-relativistic and obeys Newton's laws of motion. When non-conservative forces do work, the change in mechanical energy equals that work. If only conservative work is present, the energy-conservation statement holds for the particle.

Energy Changes in a Closed System

gravitational potential energy

Gravitational Energy from Height and Weight

Gravitational potential energy depends on an object’s weight and its height above the ground. It is one part of the total potential energy of a system, which comes from the interactions between objects. In a system, the total potential energy is the sum of the potential energies for all the objects. Potential energy is usually grouped into two main categories: gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Gravitational potential energy describes the energy tied to a body’s...

elastic potential energy

Spring Force and Stored Energy

Elastic potential energy is stored when an elastic object is deformed, such as when a spring is stretched. An object is elastic if it returns to its original shape and size after the force is removed. This stored energy is part of a system’s potential energy. An ideal spring also exerts an elastic force. The work done by this force can be described as a change in the spring’s elastic potential energy. For a perfectly elastic spring in one dimension, that work depends only on the spring...

conservation of mechanical energy

Mechanical Energy in Isolated Systems

Mechanical energy in an isolated system is the total of kinetic energy and potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, and potential energy is stored energy. The transcript focuses on what happens when energy shifts within a system without outside influence. In this case, only conservative forces act on the objects in the system. Conservative forces can transfer energy between kinetic energy and potential energy. Friction and drag do not act here, and no external force from...

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work done on a system by external force

External Work, Energy, and Thermal Loss

External work on a system can change its energy in more than one way. For a single particle, work done by an external force changes kinetic energy. For a system of interacting particles, internal forces also matter, and potential energy helps describe their effect. The net work done by an external force can be written as the total change in mechanical energy. Mechanical energy includes both kinetic energy and potential energy. When the system gains or loses this energy, the work expression...

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conservative forces

Conservative Forces and Path Independence

Conservative forces are forces for which the work done depends only on the starting and ending points. In this case, the work is path independent. That means the total energy of the system, including kinetic energy and potential energy, stays conserved during the change. This idea follows the law of conservation of energy. When energy shifts between kinetic and potential forms, the total amount remains the same. Because the work is completely reversible, an object can start and stop at any two...

non-conservative forces

Friction and Energy Loss in Motion

Non-conservative forces, such as friction and air resistance, remove energy from a system as it moves. The energy is not stored as potential energy. Instead, it is lost from the system and cannot be used later for useful work. These forces are path-dependent, which means the route matters. Where an object starts and stops can change the work done. A grinding wheel is one example, because the work depends on how many rotations the wheel makes. Non-conservative forces also turn large-scale...

conservation of energy

Energy changes in a closed system follow a conservation law in physics. A conserved quantity is not the same as the everyday use of the word "conserved." In science, a conserved quantity stays constant, or it changes by a definite amount that is transferred to another system and converted into another form of the same quantity. This means a conserved quantity can change form, but it cannot be created or destroyed in a strict physical sense. For that reason, physics does not have a law of...

conservation of energy: application

Energy Conservation Problem-Solving Steps

Energy conservation problem-solving uses a clear set of steps. First, identify the system you want to study. In many cases, that system includes more than one body at the same time. Next, identify the forces acting on the object and decide whether each force is conservative. A conservative force is one whose work can be described with potential energy. If a non-conservative force such as friction does work, then mechanical energy is not conserved, and the system must be analyzed with...

force and potential energy in one dimension

force-and-potential-energy-in-one-dimension

Finding Force from Potential Energy

Force can be found from potential energy when the energy is written as a function of position. For a conservative force, the force component in a given direction equals the negative derivative of the matching potential energy with respect to displacement. This means force and the slope of potential energy have opposite signs. Where potential energy changes quickly with displacement, the force and the work done are largest. When a force acts along the positive coordinate axis, potential energy...

force and potential energy in three dimensions

force-and-potential-energy-in-three-dimensions

Gradient Force from 3D Potential Energy

Gradient force from 3D potential energy shows how a conservative force changes along the x, y, and z axes. The potential energy function U depends on all three spatial coordinates. Each force component is linked to how U changes with position along one coordinate. In one dimension, force can be written as the negative ratio of the change in potential energy to the displacement along that axis. For very small displacements, these ratios become derivatives. When a function has several variables,...

energy diagrams - i

Potential Energy Diagrams and Stability

Potential energy diagrams help describe how a mechanical system moves. Because energy is a scalar quantity, the system’s behavior is easier to interpret from the diagram. A skater on a parabolic ramp is a clear example. The ramp height changes with horizontal position, so the potential energy changes as well. As the skater moves down from the highest point, potential energy changes into kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. The net force on the skater is gravitational force,...

energy diagrams - ii

Stability in Potential Energy Diagrams

Potential energy diagrams show how stable a system is at different positions. Their shape, or topology, helps identify equilibrium points. An equilibrium point is a place where the system can stay in balance because the net force is zero. At a local minimum, the potential energy is lowest. The system tends to remain there unless a net force acts on it. The slope at the minimum is zero. The slope is positive on both sides, so the force acts as a restoring force and pushes the system back. A...

key terms and concepts

Explore how conserved quantities work in physics and why a particle’s mechanical energy stays constant unless non-conservative forces do work.

Energy Changes in a Closed System | JoVE K12

physics

JoVE Core 物理学は、運動学、力学、流体力学、静力学、波動、音響などの基礎的な物理学の理論と応用を、簡潔でわかりやすいアニメーション ビデオで紹介します。さらに、科学者の実際のビデオでは、世界中の今日の研究所で行われている古典的および独自の研究実験における関連概念の適用を示しています。

PS.Phy.6.1

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

3.2.9-12.O

3.2.9-12.R

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Chemistry

HS-PS3-1

HS-PS3-4

HS-PS3-2

HS-PS3-3

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Energy And Waves

Conservation of energy

transfer-and-transformation-of-energy-including-work

Transfer and transformation of energy (including work)

Forces, Momentum And Motion

momentum-impulse-and-conservation-of-momentum

Momentum, impulse and conservation of momentum

Tennessee Academic Standards

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

PHYS.PS2.11

PHYS.PS3.1

PHYS.PS3.3

PHYS.PS3.8

PHYS.PS3.14

PHYS.PS3.15

CHEM1.PS3.2

CHEM1.PS3.4

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

PS.5

PS.5.a

PH.4

PH.4.b

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

2.2.1 9P.2.1.1.1

9P.2.2.1.1

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS.P4

HS.P4U1.8

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.PS.1.1

9-12.P.2.3

Next Generation Science Standards

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.P.10

SC.912.P.10.1

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

PHYS.7

PHYS.7.C

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.6

IPC.6.C

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

C-PS3-4

P-PS3-1

P-PS3-2

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Forces and Interactions

HS-PS2-2.

HS. Energy

HS-PS3-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SP3.

Open and Closed Systems.

Energy Basics

Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.

Chemical changes and their accompanying ...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature ...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the ...

conduction-convection-and-radiation-problem-solving

Conduction, Convection and Radiation: Problem Solving

There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting ...

Use models to explain thermal energy and its transfer.

PS.PSc.7.1

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy.&#160; The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

Types of Potential Energy

Potential energy is also known as energy at rest or stored energy. Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy stored in ...

Types of Kinetic Energy

The amount of kinetic energy of an object depends on its mass and speed. Consider two balls of different masses rolling down an inclined plane at the same ...

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

The mechanical energy E of a system is the sum of its potential energy U and the kinetic energy K of the objects within it. What happens to this ...

Conservative Forces

According to the law of conservation of energy, any transition between kinetic and potential energy conserves the total energy of the system. Hence, the ...

Non-conservative Forces

Non-conservative forces are dissipative forces such as friction or air resistance. These forces take energy away from a system as it progresses. Unlike ...

The terms &#39;conserved quantity&#39;&#160;and &#39;conservation law&#39;&#160;have specific scientific meanings in physics, which differ from the ...

Conservation of Energy: Application

When solving problems using the energy conservation law, the object (system) to be studied should first be identified. Often, in applications of energy ...

Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain the Law of Conservation of Energy in a mechanical system in terms of kinetic and potential energy.

Work

Work is done when energy is transferred from one object to another. In other words, work is when a force acts on something that undergoes a displacement ...

Positive, Negative, and Zero Work

Work is done on an object when energy is transferred to the object. In other words, work is done when a force acts on a body that undergoes a displacement ...

Work-energy Theorem

According to Newton&#x2019;s second law of motion, the sum of all the forces acting on a particle (net force) determines the rate of change in the ...

Work and Energy for Variable Forces

When an object is acted upon by a variable force, the amount of work done and the change in energy of the object can be more complex to calculate compared ...

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work-energy-theorem-for-motion-along-a-curve

Work-Energy Theorem for Motion Along a Curve

The work-energy theorem can be generalized to the motion of a particle along any curved path. The simple argument here is that the curved path can be ...

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Work Done Over an Inclined Plane

The center-of-mass framework helps to easily describe the work done on rigid bodies. Since the internal forces in a rigid body do no work, they can be ...

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Work Done by Many Forces

The total work done on an object acted upon by multiple forces can be computed using two methods that give the same result. In one method, the work done ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14735.jpg

Work Done by Gravity

Gravitation is one of the four fundamental forces in nature. The force between objects on Earth and Earth itself is called gravity.
Like other forces, ...

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Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain work in terms of the relationship among the applied force to an object, the resulting displacement of the object, and the energy transferred to an object.

PS.PSc.7.3

Power

The concept of work involves force and displacement; meanwhile, the work-energy theorem relates the net work done on a body to the difference in its ...

Power Expended by a Constant Force

The relationship between work done and the time taken to do it can be explained using the concept of power. For example, several sprinters in a race may ...

Construct an explanation to infer the relationship between work and power, both quantitatively and qualitatively.

PS.PSc.7.4

Analyze energy transfers and transformations within a mechanical system.

Energy Changes in a Closed System

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