Name: functional groups in organic molecules
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:47.000Z
Duration: 2 min 45 s
Channel: JoVE

官能基は、分子の特性に影響を与える原子の共有結合したセットです。
同じ官能基を含む分子は、多くの場合、同様の特性を示し、同様の反応をします。
官能基に名前を付けることで、分子内の原子を迅速に同定することができ、有機化学や生化学に役立っています。 
炭化水素は有機分子の基礎であり、さまざまな数の炭素原子と水素原子を含んでいます。これらには、アルカン、アルケン、およびアルキンが含まれます。アルカンの炭素原子は単結合で結合していますが、アルケンとアルキンはそれぞれ二重結合または三重結合を含んでいます。
炭化水素は閉じたリングを形成することができます。環が単結合のみを含む場合、それはシクロアルカンと呼ばれます。炭素が単結合と二重結合を交互に繰り返すことによって結合している場合、それは芳香環またはアリール基と呼ばれます。
最も単純な非炭素含有基の1つは、酸素原子と水素原子を含むヒドロキシル基です。メタノール、水、炭水化物など、いくつかの化合物の重要な成分です。
官能基の別のカテゴリーはカルボニル基で、炭素と酸素が二重結合で結合しています。カルボニル含有基には、アルデヒド基、ケトン基、エステル基、カルボキシル基などの官能基が含まれます。
アルデヒドは水素とカルボニルに結合した可変基またはR基を持ち、ケトンは2つの可変基を持っています。R基はしばしば炭化水素を表しますが、他の基や原子の場合もあります。 
アルデヒドとケトンは、炭水化物の重要な官能基です
エステルは、R基と酸素に挟まれたカルボニル基、一方、カルボン酸(カルボキシル基)は、R基とアルコールに挟まれたものです。脂質にはエステルが含まれ、アミノ酸にはカルボン酸が含まれています。
アミノ酸には、アミン基またはアミノ基と呼ばれる別の一般的な官能基もあります。アミンは、水素とR基の組み合わせに結合した孤立電子対を持つ窒素を持っています。アミノ酸はタンパク質の構成要素です。 
リン酸基は、4つの酸素に結合したリンであり、すべての生物の遺伝物質であるDNAに一般的に見られます。また、タンパク質に付着させてその機能を変えることもできます。

機能グループ

官能基とは特徴的な性質を持つ原子群のことであり、炭素骨格に結合すると、その性質を変化させます。例えば、ある官能基が分子上に存在すると親水性になり、他の官能基が存在すると疎水性になります。これらの官能基は、有機化学には欠かせないものであり、炭水化物、タンパク質、脂質、核酸などの生体分子の重要な構成要素です。それぞれの官能基は特徴的な原子配置を有し、その官能基を構成する原子の組み合わせに応じた名前が割り当てられています。
 炭化水素 
 炭素原子間の強く安定した結合は、鎖や枝、環などを含む複雑な分子を作り出す。このような化合物の化学を有機化学といいます。炭化水素は、炭素と水素だけで構成される有機化合物です。アルカンは飽和炭化水素であり、単結合しか持たません。アルケンは、1つ以上の炭素-炭素二重結合を含む。アルキンは、1つ以上の炭素-炭素三重結合を含む。芳香族炭化水素は環構造を持ちます。これらはアリール基という官能基しても知られています。
 アルコール類とエーテル類 
 炭化水素ではない多くの有機化合物は、炭化水素の誘導体と考えることができます。炭化水素の誘導体は、炭化水素の1つ以上の水素原子を官能基で置き換えることで作られます。炭化水素誘導体の特性は、官能基によって大きく左右されます。水酸基として知られる –OH基は、アルコールの官能基です。R–O–R–基は、エーテルの官能基です。
 アルデヒド類、ケトン類、カルボン酸類、エステル類 
 カルボニル基に関連する官能基には、アルデヒドの –CHO基、ケトンの –CO–基、カルボン酸の –COOH基、エステルの –COOR基などがあります。これらの有機分子では、炭素と酸素の二重結合であるカルボニル基が重要な構造となっています。アルデヒドはカルボニル炭素原子に少なくとも1つの水素原子が結合しており、ケトンはカルボニル炭素原子に2つの炭素基が結合しており、カルボン酸はカルボニル炭素原子に水酸基が結合しており、エステルはカルボニル炭素原子に結合した他の炭素基に酸素原子が結合しています。これらの化合物はいずれも、アルコール基の炭素原子に対して、酸化された炭素原子を含んでいます。
 アミン類 
 有機物の骨格に窒素が加わると、2種類の分子が生まれます。炭化水素の骨格に窒素原子が結合した化合物は、アミンに分類されます。
 上記の文章は以下から引用しました。 <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-1-hydrocarbons">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 20.1: Hydrocarbons</a>, <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-2-alcohols-and-ethers">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 20.2: Alcohols and Ethers, </a><a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-2-alcohols-and-ethers">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 20.3: Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters,</a> and <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-4-amines-and-amides">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 20.4: Amines and Amides.</a>

官能基は、特徴的な特性を持つ原子のグループであり、分子の炭素骨格に結合すると、分子の特性を変化させます...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

細胞生物学

Unit 1

ユニット1

Biochemistry of the Cell

細胞の生化学

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

Functional Groups

functional groups in organic molecules

Functional groups are the part of an organic molecule that gives it specific chemical behavior. They help explain why compounds with similar carbon skeletons can react in different ways.

In organic chemistry, these groups are often used to classify compounds. A functional group can change the properties of a molecule and affect how it behaves in a reaction.

Knowing functional groups helps students recognize patterns in organic compounds. It also makes it easier to compare molecules that share the same group but have different sizes or structures.

Functional Groups in Organic Molecules

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Elements in the Human Body and Periodic Table

Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. Scientists know 118 elements, but not all of them occur naturally. Only a small number are essential for life, and living matter depends mostly on carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. The periodic table organizes elements by their physical and chemical properties. Each square shows the element name, chemical symbol, atomic number, and atomic weight. The atomic number is the number of protons...

functional groups

Functional groups are the part of an organic molecule that gives it specific chemical behavior. They help explain why compounds with similar carbon skeletons can react in different ways. In organic chemistry, these groups are often used to classify compounds. A functional group can change the properties of a molecule and affect how it behaves in a reaction. Knowing functional groups helps students recognize patterns in organic compounds. It also makes it easier to compare molecules that share...

types of chemical bonds

Chemical Bonds and How Atoms Join

Chemical bonds hold atoms together and help explain how different substances form. In chemistry, the main bond types are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Ionic bonds form when electrons move from one atom to another. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Metallic bonds occur in metals, where electrons are held in a shared arrangement that gives metals their characteristic behavior. Understanding these bond types helps students compare how atoms connect in different...

noncovalent attractions in biomolecules

Biomolecule Interactions Without Covalent Bonds

Biomolecules often stay together through noncovalent attractions instead of covalent bonds. These weaker interactions help molecules recognize each other and form structures needed for life. The main noncovalent attractions are hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions. Each one works in a different way, but all of them can influence how biomolecules fold, bind, and behave in cells. Hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom is attracted to...

polymers

Polymer Chains and Their Properties

Polymers are large molecules made from repeating units called monomers. These long chains can form many common materials. Their structure helps explain why different polymers can behave in different ways. Polymers can be built in more than one way. Some form by addition polymerization, where monomers join together directly. Others form by condensation polymerization, which releases a small molecule as the chain grows. The type of polymer affects its properties and uses. Some polymers are...

what are lipids?

Lipids in Cells: Membranes, Energy, and Signals

Lipids are important cell molecules that act as membrane parts, energy stores, and signaling molecules. They are a diverse group of hydrocarbons, which are compounds made of carbon and hydrogen atoms. The carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds are nonpolar, so lipids have an overall nonpolar character. Lipids are also hydrophobic, or “water-hating.” They do not form hydrogen bonds with water, so they are nearly insoluble in water. They are, however, soluble in organic solvents such as...

structure of lipids

How Lipid Molecules Are Built

Lipid molecules are built from hydrocarbon chains and a few key structural parts. Their shape helps explain why they behave differently from many other biological molecules. In high school biology, this structure is often linked to how lipids store energy and help form cell membranes. Some lipids are made from fatty acids joined to other small molecules. Triglycerides contain glycerol and three fatty acids, while phospholipids contain glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. These...

chemistry of carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Structure and Bonding

Carbohydrates are built from sugar units and the bonds that link them. Their chemistry explains how simple sugars join to form larger molecules. It also helps show why carbohydrates have different structures and functions. The video focuses on the main sugar types found in carbohydrates. These include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are single sugar units. Disaccharides contain two sugar units, while polysaccharides are long chains of many sugar units. The...

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA in Cells

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that help store and use genetic information in cells. They are key molecules in biology and are often studied together because they work as a pair in living systems. Nucleic acids are built from repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The order of these bases carries the genetic code. There are two main nucleic acids: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, and RNA, or ribonucleic acid. DNA usually stores...

protein and protein structures

How Protein Shape Determines Function

Proteins are essential molecules in living things, and their shape affects how they work. Protein structure is described at several levels, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. These levels help explain how a protein is built and how its final form supports its job. Primary structure is the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Secondary structure forms when parts of the chain fold into regular patterns. Tertiary structure is the overall three-dimensional shape of...

ph regulation in cells

Cell pH and Organelle Balance

Cell pH and organelle balance are essential for normal cell function. pH affects protein shape and activity, the charge on cell membranes, and many metabolic reactions inside the cell. Cells also use the proton motive force, which is the energy stored in a proton gradient, to make ATP, the cell’s main energy molecule. The cytosol, or fluid inside the cell, is usually slightly more acidic than the fluid outside the cell. Even so, cells must stop the cytosol from becoming too acidic. They use...

chemistry of the cell

Cell Chemistry: Water, Ions, and Molecules

Cell chemistry explains the substances that make cells work. Water is the main component of cells, and it supports the chemical reactions that keep life going. Cells also contain organic molecules, which are carbon-based compounds, and inorganic ions, which are charged particles needed for cell function. Organic molecules in cells include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules have different roles, but together they build cell structures, store energy, and carry...

key terms and concepts

Learn how functional groups shape the behavior and properties of organic molecules, and how they help classify compounds in high school chemistry.

Functional Groups in Organic Molecules | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core 細胞生物学は、複雑な細胞プロセスを、わかりやすく包括的なアニメーション ビデオ レッスンで説明します。このコレクションは、細胞小器官や膜、細胞輸送、細胞のエネルギー学など、細胞の必須コンポーネントと機能に焦点を当てています。これは、実際の研究実験における細胞生物学の応用を実証する科学者による実際のビデオによって補足されています。

Functional Groups in Organic Molecules

Description

Transcript