Name: how lipid molecules are built
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:47.000Z
Duration: 3 min 38 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.1

Structure of Lipids

脂質は、エネルギーを貯蔵するために使用されるトリグリセリドと、細胞膜の主要な構造成分であるリン脂質を含む疎水性分子のグループです。
トリグリセリドとほとんどのリン脂質は、グリセロール鎖と脂肪酸鎖で構成されています。
脂肪酸は、鎖の一方の端にメチル基があり、反対側の端にカルボキシル基があります。カルボキシル基に結合した炭素をアルファ炭素、メチル基炭素をオメガ炭素と呼びました。
脂肪酸の長さと炭化水素鎖の二重結合の存在はさまざまです。二重結合を持つものは不飽和脂肪酸であり、単結合のみを持つものは、可能な限り多くの水素原子で飽和しているため、飽和脂肪酸です。
脂肪酸には一般的な名前が付けられることがよくありますが、炭素原子の数と炭素鎖の二重結合の数と位置に応じて体系的に名前を付けることができます。
一般的な番号付け方法がいくつかあります。カルボキシル参照システムは、カルボキシル炭素からのすべての二重結合の位置をカウントし、1として番号が付けられます。オメガ参照システムは、オメガカーボンに最も近い二重結合の位置をカウントし、オメガカーボンには 1 の番号が付けられます。
例えば、オメガ3脂肪酸であるリノレン酸は、カルボキシル末端から数えて、9、12、15の位置に18個の炭素と二重結合を持っています。これは、カルボキシル参照システムでは18:3 Δ9、12、15、オメガ参照システムでは18:3(ω-3)と呼ばれます。
不飽和脂肪酸は、シスとトランスの2つの構成で発生する可能性があります。シス配位では、二重結合に関与する炭素上の水素は結合の同じ側にありますが、トランス配位では、水素は反対側に位置しています。 
構造的には、シス脂肪酸は鎖が曲がっていますが、トランス脂肪酸は直線鎖を持っています。
トランス脂肪酸の摂取はさまざまな心血管疾患の原因であることがわかっていますが、オメガ3やオメガ6などのシス脂肪酸の摂取は健康に有益であることが知られています。
一般に脂肪として知られているトリグリセリドは、主にエネルギーの貯蔵に使用されます。これらは、グリセロールのヒドロキシル末端と脂肪酸のカルボキシル末端との間のエステル結合を介してグリセロールに結合した3つの脂肪酸で構成されており、その結果、非極性分子が形成されます。
3つの脂肪酸すべてが同じタイプである場合、それらは単純なトリグリセリドとして知られています。3つの脂肪酸が異なる場合、それらは混合トリグリセリドとして知られています。
別の種類の脂質であるリン脂質は、生体膜の重要な構造的特徴です。
それらは、親水性アルコール基で修飾されたリン酸基と疎水性脂肪酸テールからなる親水性ヘッドを持っています。これらのヘッドとテールの組成は異なる場合があり、その結果、さまざまな種類のメンブレン脂質が生じます。
グリセロリン脂質は、2つの脂肪酸と、それぞれエステル結合とホスホジエステル結合を介してグリセロールの各炭素に結合した高極性基からなる一般的なタイプのリン脂質です。

脂質の構造

脂質は、大部分が非極性である多様な化合物群です。これは、ほとんどが非極性の炭素-炭素または炭素-水素結合を含む炭化水素であるためです。非極性の分子は、疎水性（水と混ざりにくい性質）、つまり水に溶けない性質を持っています。脂質は、細胞内でさまざまな機能を果たしています。細胞は、長期間使用するためにエネルギーを脂肪の形で保存します。また、脂質は植物や動物にとって外界からの断熱材となります。例えば、水生の鳥や哺乳類が毛皮や羽毛の上に保護層を形成する際には、脂質は水をはじく疎水性の性質を持っているため、水に濡れないようにする働きがあります。脂質はまた、多くのホルモンの構成要素であり、すべての細胞膜の重要な構成要素でもあります。脂質には、脂肪、オイル、ワックス、リン脂質、ステロイドなどがあります。
 脂質の一般的な構造
 脂肪分子は、主にグリセロールと脂肪酸の2つの成分から構成されています。グリセロールは、炭素数3、水素数5、水酸基数3の有機化合物（アルコール）です。脂肪酸は、その名の通り長い炭化水素の鎖にカルボキシル基が結合した構造を持ちます。最も一般的なのは、炭素数12–18のものです。脂肪分子では、脂肪酸はグリセロール分子’の3つの炭素のそれぞれに、酸素原子を介してエステル結合で結合しています。グリセロールの骨格に3つの脂肪酸が脱水反応で結合すると、トリアシルグリセロールとなります。トリアシルグリセロールを構成する3つの脂肪酸は、類似しているものとそうでないものがあります。
 リン脂質も脂質の一種です。リン脂質は両親性の分子で、疎水性の部分と親水性の部分があります。脂肪酸鎖は疎水性で水と相互作用できません。一方、リン酸を含む基は親水性で、水と相互作用します。リン脂質の頭部にあたる親水基は水溶液側に面しています。一方、尾部にあたる疎水基は二重層の中央部に隔離されています。
 脂肪酸類
 脂肪酸には飽和と不飽和があります。脂肪酸鎖において、炭化水素鎖の隣り合う炭素の間に単結合しかない場合、その脂肪酸は飽和しています。ステアリン酸は飽和脂肪酸の一例です。
 炭化水素鎖に二重結合が含まれている場合、その脂肪酸は不飽和です。オレイン酸は不飽和脂肪酸の一例です。不飽和脂肪酸の多くは室温で液体であり、油と呼ばれます。分子内に二重結合が1つの場合は一価不飽和脂肪（例:オリーブオイル）、二重結合が2つ以上ある場合は多価不飽和脂肪（例:キャノーラ油）となります。単結合を持つ長い直鎖の脂肪酸は、一般に室温では固体です。ステアリン酸やパルミチン酸を含む動物性脂肪（肉に多い）や、酪酸を含む脂肪（バターに多い）が飽和脂肪の例です。
 脂肪酸はさらにcisとtransに分類することができます。cisとtransは二重結合を中心とした分子の配置を示します。水素原子が同一平面上に存在する場合は、cis脂肪です。水素原子が2つの異なる平面上にある場合は、trans脂肪です。cisの二重結合は、脂肪酸が高密度化しないような曲がりや“キンク”を引き起こし、常温で液体を維持します。オリーブオイル、コーン油、キャノーラ油、タラの肝油などが不飽和脂肪の例です。不飽和脂肪酸は血中コレステロール値を下げる働きがありますが、飽和脂肪酸は動脈血栓形成の原因となります。
 トランス脂肪酸
 食品業界では、脂肪酸を多くの加工食品に適した半固体状にするために、人為的に水素化して飽和させています。このプロセスでは、炭化水素鎖のcis/em>–構造の二重結合がtrans–構造の二重結合に変換されることがあります。
 マーガリン、ピーナッツバター、ショートニングなどは、人工的に水素化されたtrans脂肪酸の一例です。最近の研究では、人間の食生活においてトランス脂肪酸が増加すると、低密度リポタンパク質（LDL）や悪玉コレステロールが増加し、動脈にプラークが沈着して心臓病になる可能性が高まる可能性が指摘されています。
 オメガ脂肪酸
 必須脂肪酸とは、人体に必須でありながら、体内合成できない脂肪酸のことです。そのため、食事から摂取して補う必要があります。オメガ-3脂肪酸はこのカテゴリーに属し、人間に知られている2つの必須脂肪酸のうちの1つである（もう1つはオメガ-6脂肪酸）。多価不飽和脂肪酸で、炭化水素鎖の末端から3番目の炭素とその隣の炭素が二重結合でつながっているため、オメガ-3と命名されています。
 α-リノレン酸は、オメガ3脂肪酸の一例です。α-リノレン酸は、3つの二重結合を持っており、曲がった分子形状をもちます。サーモン、マス、マグロは、オメガ-3脂肪酸の良い摂取源です。研究によると、オメガ-3脂肪酸は、心臓発作による突然死のリスクを減らし、血中の中性脂肪量を低下させることで血圧を下げ、血液凝固を抑制することで血栓症を予防することがわかっています。また、炎症を抑える効果もあり、動物の一部のがんのリスクを低下させる可能性もあります。
 上記の文章は以下から引用しました。<a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/3-3-lipids">Openstax, Biology 2e, Chapter 3.3: Lipids</a>.

脂質には、主に非極性の性質を持つ多様な化合物群が含まれます。これは、それらがほとんどが非極性を含む炭化水素であるためです...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

細胞生物学

Unit 1

ユニット1

Biochemistry of the Cell

細胞の生化学

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

how lipid molecules are built

Lipid molecules are built from hydrocarbon chains and a few key structural parts. Their shape helps explain why they behave differently from many other biological molecules. In high school biology, this structure is often linked to how lipids store energy and help form cell membranes.

Some lipids are made from fatty acids joined to other small molecules. Triglycerides contain glycerol and three fatty acids, while phospholipids contain glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. These structural differences give each type a different role in living things.

Fatty acids can also differ from one another. Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds. These bond patterns change the way lipid molecules pack together and help explain their physical properties.

How Lipid Molecules Are Built

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Elements in the Human Body and Periodic Table

Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. Scientists know 118 elements, but not all of them occur naturally. Only a small number are essential for life, and living matter depends mostly on carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. The periodic table organizes elements by their physical and chemical properties. Each square shows the element name, chemical symbol, atomic number, and atomic weight. The atomic number is the number of protons...

functional groups

Functional Groups in Organic Molecules

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Chemical Bonds and How Atoms Join

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Biomolecule Interactions Without Covalent Bonds

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Polymer Chains and Their Properties

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Lipids in Cells: Membranes, Energy, and Signals

Lipids are important cell molecules that act as membrane parts, energy stores, and signaling molecules. They are a diverse group of hydrocarbons, which are compounds made of carbon and hydrogen atoms. The carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds are nonpolar, so lipids have an overall nonpolar character. Lipids are also hydrophobic, or “water-hating.” They do not form hydrogen bonds with water, so they are nearly insoluble in water. They are, however, soluble in organic solvents such as...

structure of lipids

Lipid molecules are built from hydrocarbon chains and a few key structural parts. Their shape helps explain why they behave differently from many other biological molecules. In high school biology, this structure is often linked to how lipids store energy and help form cell membranes. Some lipids are made from fatty acids joined to other small molecules. Triglycerides contain glycerol and three fatty acids, while phospholipids contain glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. These...

chemistry of carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Structure and Bonding

Carbohydrates are built from sugar units and the bonds that link them. Their chemistry explains how simple sugars join to form larger molecules. It also helps show why carbohydrates have different structures and functions. The video focuses on the main sugar types found in carbohydrates. These include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are single sugar units. Disaccharides contain two sugar units, while polysaccharides are long chains of many sugar units. The...

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Cell pH and Organelle Balance

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key terms and concepts

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How Lipid Molecules Are Built | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core 細胞生物学は、複雑な細胞プロセスを、わかりやすく包括的なアニメーション ビデオ レッスンで説明します。このコレクションは、細胞小器官や膜、細胞輸送、細胞のエネルギー学など、細胞の必須コンポーネントと機能に焦点を当てています。これは、実際の研究実験における細胞生物学の応用を実証する科学者による実際のビデオによって補足されています。

SC.912.L.18.3

Macromolecules

Biomolecules
Organisms contain a wide variety of organic molecules with numerous functions which depend on the chemical structures and properties of these ...

Polymers

What are Lipids?

Lipids function as structural components of cellular membranes, in addition to acting as energy reservoirs and signaling molecules. They are thus crucial ...

lipid-derived-compounds-in-the-human-body

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and ...

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

Amino acids

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Peptide Bonds

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What are Proteins?

Protein and Protein Structures

Protein Organization

Globular Proteins

In organisms, proteins are the most abundant macromolecules. They act as the building blocks of life and play various crucial roles in the body. Proteins ...

Fibrous Proteins

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Protein Denaturation

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Role of Proteins in the Human Body

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Mechanical Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Introduction to Carbohydrates

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Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

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Nucleic Acid Structure

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The DNA Helix

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RNA Structure

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Types of RNA

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Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules

Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules.

Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides

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Membrane Carbohydrates

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Describe the important structural characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and explain the functions of carbohydrates in living things.

SC.912.L.18.2

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms ...

What are Membranes?

A cell&#39;s plasma membrane demarcates the cell&#39;s borders and determines the nature of its interaction with the environment. Cells exclude certain ...

Membrane Fluidity

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Fluid Mosaic Model

Scientists identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s and its principal chemical components (lipids and proteins) by 1915. The model for plasma membrane ...

Membrane Lipids

Lipids are an essential component of all biological membranes. The average lipid content in mammalian membranes is 50%, though it can be as low as 20% in ...

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

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Lipids as Anchors

In the plasma membrane, the lipids forming the bilayer can also act as an anchor to tether proteins to the membrane. The three main types of lipid anchors ...

The Significance of Membrane Transport

The transport of solutes across the cell membrane is essential for metabolic processes, like maintaining cell size and volume, generating the action ...

Describe the structures of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Explain the functions of lipids in living organisms. Identify some reactions that fatty acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of cell membranes.

Ligand Binding Sites

Cofactors and Coenzymes

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Introduction to Enzymes

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Enzymes and Activation Energy

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Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics

Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of biochemical reactions. Scientists monitor the reaction rates for a particular enzymatic reaction at various substrate ...

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

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Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple &#34;lock-and-key&#34; fashion. This model stated that the enzyme ...

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Ribozymes

Enzyme Activity

Biological Catalysts

All living organisms continuously perform numerous biochemical reactions to sustain their presence. Most of these reactions require ...

Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids. Explain the functions of proteins in living organisms. Identify some reactions that amino acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of enzymes.

SC.912.L.18.4

Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives ...

electron-transport-chain-complex-i-and-ii

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce ...

electron-transport-chain-complex-iii-and-iv

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then ...

The Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is ...

the-supercomplexes-in-the-crista-membrane

The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through ...

ATP Synthase: Structure

ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in ...

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear ...

The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein

ADP/ATP carrier or AAC protein is the most abundant carrier protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transports large quantities of ADP and ATP, ...

ATP Yield

Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport ...

Discuss the use of chemiosmotic gradients for ATP production in chloroplasts and mitochondria.

SC.912.L.18.5

Fermentation

Most eukaryotic organisms require oxygen to survive and function adequately. Such organisms produce large amounts of energy during aerobic respiration by ...

biofuels-producing-ethanol-from-cellulosic-material

Biofuels: Producing Ethanol from Cellulosic Material

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
In this experiment, cellulosic material (such as corn stalks, leaves, ...

Discuss the role of anaerobic respiration in living things and in human society.

SC.912.L.18.6

Photosynthesis

Autotrophs

Almost all living organisms on Earth depend on photosynthesis, which is the process that converts sunlight energy into a simple sugar called ...

What is Photosynthesis?

All living organisms on Earth are directly or indirectly dependent on photosynthesis. It is the only biological process that can capture energy from ...

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They ...

Photosystems

Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in ...

The Photochemical Reaction Center

Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center ...

The Antenna Complex

Plants and other photosynthetic organisms comprise pigments capable of absorption of direct sunlight. These pigments are present in the reaction center - ...

the-z-scheme-of-electron-transport-in-photosynthesis

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of ...

The Calvin Benson Cycle

Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, ...

Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis.

SC.912.L.18.7

A. All living things are composed of four basic categories of macromolecules and share the same basic needs for life.

B. Living organisms acquire the energy they need for life processes through various metabolic pathways (primarily photosynthesis and cellular respiration).

C. Chemical reactions in living things follow basic rules of chemistry and are usually regulated by enzymes.

D. The unique chemical properties of carbon and water make life on Earth possible.

How Lipid Molecules Are Built

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