Name: focal adhesions and cell mechanics
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T11:54:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 13 s
Channel: JoVE

焦点接着などの細胞-マトリックス結合は、アクチンやミオシンなどの収縮性タンパク質のネットワークに直接接続されています。
機械的な力によって接合部が硬い細胞外マトリックスから引き離されると、細胞は張力に耐えるために追加の焦点接着を形成します。
ECMが柔らかいほど抵抗が少なくなり、細胞はさまざまな組織のECMの硬さに応じて応答できます。
このようなメカノセンシングは、タリンやフィブロネクチンなどの接合タンパク質に依存しており、接合部が引き伸ばされるとそれらの構造が変化します。
アクチンフィラメントがミオシンに引っ張られると、タリンが展開し、ビンキュリン結合部位が露出します。Vinculinは、接合部を強化するために追加のアクチンフィラメントを動員します。
ECM面では、フィブリルマトリックスの集合中にフィブロネクチンの長さ全体に張力が加えられると、コラーゲンの隠れた結合部位が露出します。
コラーゲンの結合は接合部を強化し、細胞が環境からの機械的な力に応答できるようにします。

<ol>
	<li>Liu Z、Tan JL、Cohen DM、Yang MT、Sniadecki NJ、Ruiz SA、Nelson CM、Chen CS。全米科学アカデミーの議事録。2010年6月1日;107(22):9944-9。</li>
	<li>David G. Menter, Raymond N. DuBois, "Prostaglandins in Cancer Cell Adhesion, Migration, and Invasion," International Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 2012, Article ID 723419, 21 pages, 2012.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/723419">https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/723419</a></li>
	<li>Angulo-Urarte, A., van der Wal, T., & Huveneers, S. (2020).機械的な力のセンサーおよびトランスデューサーとしての細胞間接合。Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, 1862(9), 183316.</li>
</ol>

機械的力に対する細胞マトリックスの反応

Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces

動物細胞では、細胞外マトリックスにより、組織内の細胞が外部ストレスに耐えられるようになり、細胞の外側から内側にシグナルが伝達されます。 細胞外マトリックスは広範囲にわたり、その組成は組織の種類によって異なります。 たとえば、網状線維と基底物質は疎性結合組織の ECM を構成し、コラーゲンと骨ミネラルは骨組織の ECM を構成します。

アンカー接合部は、細胞を細胞外マトリックスまたは他の細胞に機械的に付着させます。 アンカー接合部のクラスターは、接着斑または FA と呼ばれる高分子複合体を形成します。 FA は細胞接着と、細胞内での機械的シグナルの化学的シグナルへの変換である機械的伝達を調節します。 FA は通常、細胞の側面および底面に発生し、強力で柔軟な接続を提供します。 それらは、ラウス肉腫ウイルスで形質転換されたラット腎臓細胞の抗腫瘍血清を使用して最初に認識されました。 タリン、ビンキュリン、テンシンの 3 つのタンパク質とそのアイソフォームは、インテグリンを細胞骨格に結びつけ、結合を強化します。 張力依存性の構造変化はタリンとビンキュリンを活性化するため、それらが環境からの機械感知シグナルに関与していることが示唆されます。

Openstaxのセクション4.2上皮組織-解剖学と生理学2eから引用

動物細胞では、細胞外マトリックスにより、組織内の細胞が外部ストレスに耐えることができ、細胞の外部から信号を送信して...

cell-matrix-s-response-to-mechanical-forces

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

細胞生物学

Unit 1

ユニット1

Cell-Matrix Interactions

細胞-マトリックス相互作用

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

focal adhesions and cell mechanics

Focal adhesions help animal cells connect to the extracellular matrix and sense mechanical forces. The extracellular matrix, or ECM, sits outside cells and helps tissues withstand stress. It also sends signals from outside the cell to the inside.

The ECM is large and its makeup changes from one tissue to another. In loose connective tissue, reticular fibers and ground substance form the ECM. In bone tissue, collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM.

Anchoring junctions hold a cell to the extracellular matrix or to other cells. When many of these junctions cluster together, they form focal adhesions, or FAs. These structures support cell adhesion and mechanotransduction, which is the conversion of mechanical signals into chemical signals inside the cell.

Focal adhesions are often found on the lateral and basal surfaces of cells. This location gives cells strong but flexible connections. They were first recognized with an antitumor serum in Rous sarcoma virus-transformed rat kidney cells.

Several proteins connect integrins to the cytoskeleton and strengthen the junction. These proteins include talin, vinculin, and tensin, along with their isoforms. Tension can change the shape of talin and vinculin, which suggests that they help cells sense forces from their environment.

Focal Adhesions and Cell Mechanics

overview of cell-matrix interactions

ECM Proteins and Cell Signaling

The extracellular matrix, or ECM, is the material that helps hold cells together in a tissue. It also lets cells in that tissue communicate with one another. The ECM contains proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, and laminin. Collagen is the most abundant protein in this space. Collagen fibers are woven together with proteoglycans, which are protein molecules with carbohydrates attached. This mix gives the ECM its structure. It also supports cell migration and provides a scaffold for cell...

integrins

Integrins in Cell Adhesion

Integrins help animal and protozoan cells attach to the extracellular matrix, or ECM. These cells do not have cell walls, so the ECM helps maintain shape and provide structural stability. The ECM is a sticky network of carbohydrates and proteins found between adjacent cells. Some ECM proteins form a basement membrane, and other ECM parts adhere to it. Proteoglycans make up much of the ECM, while fibrous proteins such as collagen give it strength. Fibronectin connects proteoglycans and collagen...

activation of integrins

How Integrins Link Cells to Their Environment

Integrins help cells connect with their environment and send signals across the cell membrane. They can carry information from outside the cell to the inside, or from inside the cell to the outside. These two paths are called outside-in signaling and inside-out signaling. In outside-in signaling, molecules in the extracellular space bind to exposed ligand-binding sites on integrins. A ligand is a molecule that binds to a protein. This binding makes the inactive integrin change shape and become...

intracellular signaling affects focal adhesions

intracellular-signaling-affects-focal-adhesions

Integrins Trigger Focal Adhesion Signaling

Integrins trigger focal adhesion signaling at the cell membrane. These membrane receptors sit in the phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic regions that match the membrane interior. They provide attachment sites for outside signals such as hormones and growth factors. When these effectors bind and become active, integrins can start response pathways inside the cell. Some integrin-driven pathways support cell growth and help cells survive. The signal begins at the membrane, but G-proteins and...

anchoring junctions

Cell Adhesion in Anchoring Junctions

Anchoring junctions are multiprotein complexes that help cells connect to other cells and to the extracellular matrix. They sit on the lateral and basal surfaces of cells. These junctions create strong, flexible links that help maintain tissue stability and integrity. Focal adhesions often form when cells interact with the extracellular matrix, or ECM, substrata. These contacts can start signal transduction through kinase cascades and other pathways. Together, these junctions help cells stay...

cell-matrix's response to mechanical forces

Focal adhesions help animal cells connect to the extracellular matrix and sense mechanical forces. The extracellular matrix, or ECM, sits outside cells and helps tissues withstand stress. It also sends signals from outside the cell to the inside. The ECM is large and its makeup changes from one tissue to another. In loose connective tissue, reticular fibers and ground substance form the ECM. In bone tissue, collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM. Anchoring junctions hold a cell to the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how focal adhesions connect animal cells to the extracellular matrix, support adhesion, and convert mechanical signals into chemical signals.

Focal Adhesions and Cell Mechanics | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core 細胞生物学は、複雑な細胞プロセスを、わかりやすく包括的なアニメーション ビデオ レッスンで説明します。このコレクションは、細胞小器官や膜、細胞輸送、細胞のエネルギー学など、細胞の必須コンポーネントと機能に焦点を当てています。これは、実際の研究実験における細胞生物学の応用を実証する科学者による実際のビデオによって補足されています。

Focal Adhesions and Cell Mechanics

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