Name: inductive circuit frequency response
Uploaded: 2024-07-08T13:20:02.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

時間領域の誘導性回路について考えてみましょう。等価周波数領域回路は、抵抗とインダクタンスをそれらのインピーダンスに置き換えることによって得られます。
回路は可変周波数の入力に接続され、出力はインダクタンスを介して取得されます。
 出力と入力電圧の分周によって、伝達関数が決まります。
 伝達関数の式は、それから導かれる大きさと位相を与えます。
インダクタンスと抵抗の比は、誘導回路の時定数に等しくなります。
大きさと位相は、時定数で書くことができます。
周波数がゼロに近づくと、伝達関数はゼロに近づき、位相シフトは pi を 2 以上に近似します。
周波数が時定数の逆数に等しい場合、振幅は最大値の約0.707倍に達し、位相シフトはpiが4倍になります。
同様に、周波数が高くなると、伝達関数はユニティに近づき、位相シフトはゼロになる傾向があります。
これらのポイントは、いくつかの追加のポイントの中で、振幅または振幅と位相応答のグラフを通じて周波数応答を示しています。

回路の周波数応答

誘導回路は、特に時間領域から周波数領域への移行時に、電気工学において興味深い課題を提示します。この変換には、インダクタをインピーダンスに変換し、位相器表現を利用することが含まれます。

伝達関数は、これらの回路がさまざまな周波数にどのように反応するかを特徴付ける上で極めて重要であり、その動作を深く理解するのに役立ちます。重要なパラメータは、回路のインダクタンスと抵抗の比率を表す時定数です。
伝達関数の振幅は、時定数の逆数を伝達関数方程式に積分することによって得られます。さらに、このアプローチでは位相シフトの計算が可能になり、出力正弦波と入力正弦波の位相角の違いが明らかになります。

<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/15138/15138_Equation_1.svg" style="height: 32px;">
<img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/15138/15138_Equation_2.svg" style="height: 32px;">

振幅と位相応答をグラフ化すると、回路の周波数特性が視覚的に表され、そのパフォーマンスの基本的な側面が効果的に伝わります。周波数スペクトルを調べると、特徴的な傾向が浮かび上がります。低周波数では伝達関数がゼロに近づき、位相シフトがほぼ π/2 になります。逆に、高周波数では伝達関数が 1 に収束し、位相シフトがゼロに近づきます。
最も重要なのは、時定数の逆数を表す半電力周波数を特定することです。この特定の周波数では、伝達関数の振幅と位相を正確に評価でき、回路の応答特性を包括的に理解できます。

時間領域の誘導性回路について考えてみましょう。等価周波数領域回路は、抵抗とインダクタンスを...

Education

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

電気工学

Unit 1

ユニット1

Frequency Response

周波数特性

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語および概念

Frequency Response of a Circuit

inductive circuit frequency response

Inductive circuit frequency response shows how a circuit with an inductor reacts to different frequencies. The analysis starts in the time domain and then moves into the frequency domain. In that step, the inductor is replaced by an impedance, and the circuit is written with phasors, which are sinusoidal signals shown with magnitude and phase.

The transfer function describes how the output changes compared with the input at each frequency. A key parameter is the time constant, which is the ratio of inductance to resistance in the circuit. The magnitude of the transfer function is found by using the inverse of the time constant in the transfer function equation.

This approach also gives the phase shift between the output and input sinusoids. The phase angle shows how far one signal leads or lags the other. Graphs of amplitude response and phase response help show the circuit’s frequency behavior in a clear way.

The response changes across the frequency spectrum. At low frequencies, the transfer function approaches zero, and the phase shift is about π/2. At high frequencies, the transfer function approaches unity, and the phase shift moves toward zero.

The half-power frequency is an important point in this behavior. It is the inverse of the time constant. At this frequency, the magnitude and phase of the transfer function can be determined accurately, giving a complete view of the circuit’s response.

Inductive Circuit Frequency Response

network function of a circuit

How Transfer Functions Shape Circuit Response

Transfer functions show how a circuit responds as signal frequency changes. They describe the link between input and output in frequency response analysis. This makes them useful for studying how circuits behave in electronics and engineering. A transfer function is a mathematical tool that relates phasor output to phasor input. It can be written as voltage gain, current gain, transfer impedance, or transfer admittance. The poles and zeros are the most important parts of the function. Zeros...

frequency response of a circuit

Inductive circuit frequency response shows how a circuit with an inductor reacts to different frequencies. The analysis starts in the time domain and then moves into the frequency domain. In that step, the inductor is replaced by an impedance, and the circuit is written with phasors, which are sinusoidal signals shown with magnitude and phase. The transfer function describes how the output changes compared with the input at each frequency. A key parameter is the time constant, which is the...

gain

Circuit Gain and Phase Shift

Circuit gain and phase shift describe how a linear circuit changes a sinusoidal input voltage or current. These properties matter in circuits with reactive elements, because the response depends on the input frequency. As the frequency changes, the gain and phase shift also change. Gain compares the size of the output sinusoid to the size of the input sinusoid. If Vin is the input and Vout is the output, the gain K is the ratio of the output amplitude to the input amplitude. A gain greater...

bode plots

Reading Frequency Response on Bode Plots

Bode plots show how a circuit or system responds across frequency. They use a logarithmic frequency scale on the x-axis and gain in decibels on the y-axis. This format makes it easier to display a wide range of frequencies and to see how circuit parts affect behavior over that range. A network function gives the ratio of output to input for a system. Its complex form provides both magnitude and phase angle. The logarithmic gain on a Bode plot comes from the magnitude, calculated by multiplying...

transfer function and bode plots-i

Transfer Function Gain and Origin Effects

Transfer function gain and poles or zeros at the origin shape a system's Bode plot. The transfer function is often written in standard form after the polynomial coefficients are normalized. In that form, the constant gain, zeros, poles, and quadratic terms all appear clearly. The poles and zeros mark critical frequencies where the output magnitude and phase change noticeably. The constant gain K creates a fixed magnitude and phase term. Its magnitude is 20 log 10 K in decibels, and its phase...

transfer function and bode plots-ii

Bode Plot Slope and Phase Changes

Bode plots show how a transfer function changes with frequency. The standard form includes constant gain, poles and zeros at the origin, simple poles and zeros, and quadratic poles and zeros. Each part shapes the system response in a different way. A simple zero sets the magnitude trend first. The Bode magnitude plot stays flat at low frequencies, near 0 dB, and then rises at 20 dB per decade after the corner or break frequency, ω1. That corner frequency is where the straight-line...

bode plots construction

Reading Frequency Response with Bode Plots

Bode plots show the frequency response of a system with a magnitude plot and a phase plot. Both plots use a logarithmic frequency axis. In control system analysis, this makes it easier to see how a transfer function changes with frequency. To build a Bode plot, start with the transfer function H(ω). After normalization, the function includes constant gain, zeros, and poles. Each term affects the plot in a different way. A constant gain of 10 gives a starting magnitude of 20 dB, since 20...

series resonance

Series Resonance in RLC Circuits

Series resonance in an RLC circuit happens when the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are equal. An RLC circuit contains a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor. The impedance of the circuit is the ratio of the supply voltage to the circuit current. At resonance, the imaginary part of the impedance becomes zero. The frequency at which this occurs is called the resonant frequency. It depends on the inductance (L) and capacitance (C) of the circuit. Mathematically, the resonant...

characteristics of series resonant circuit

characteristics-of-series-resonant-circuit

Series Resonance and RLC Filter Behavior

Series resonance in an RLC circuit happens when the inductor, capacitor, and resistor are connected in series. At the resonant frequency, the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are equal in size but opposite in sign, so they cancel each other. As a result, the circuit impedance becomes very small and is mainly set by the resistance. The resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit can be calculated from its inductance and capacitance. At this frequency, the current reaches its maximum...

parallel resonance

Parallel RLC Tuning at Resonance

A parallel RLC circuit uses a resistor, inductor, and capacitor connected to the same nodes. Because they share the same voltage, the circuit is analyzed with admittance, which describes how easily current can flow. In a parallel RLC circuit, admittance helps show how the circuit responds as the frequency changes. Resonance happens when the net reactance is zero. At that point, the capacitive and inductive effects cancel each other out. The resonant frequency is found from this condition. At...

frequency response of op amp circuits

Op Amp Gain and Bode Plot Basics

Operational amplifiers are used for signal conditioning, filtering, and mathematical tasks such as addition, subtraction, integration, and differentiation. Their frequency response shows how amplifier gain changes as the input frequency changes. This makes the gain of an op-amp a key idea in circuit design. At low frequencies, an op-amp can hold a constant gain called the dc gain, A0. As frequency rises, the gain starts to drop after the corner frequency, or break frequency, ω1. In other...

passive filters

Audio Frequency Control with Passive Filters

Passive filters shape the frequency spectrum of electrical signals. They use only passive parts such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Because they do not need an external power source, they can let selected frequency ranges pass or block others in many applications. Low-pass filters pass signals below the cutoff frequency, ωc, and reduce signals above it. In audio systems, they can send bass frequencies to woofers or subwoofers. For an RC low-pass filter, the transfer function H(s)...

active filters

Active Filter Design and Frequency Response

Active filters use op-amps, resistors, and capacitors to shape a signal's frequency response. They remove unwanted frequency components while keeping the parts of the signal that are needed. The design depends on the choice of resistor and capacitor values, which set the cutoff points and help define the overall response. A first-order low-pass active filter passes signals below a cutoff frequency and reduces signals above it. Its transfer function includes the low-frequency gain, also called...

scaling

Circuit Component Scaling for Filters

Circuit component scaling helps turn simple circuit values into practical ones for filter design and circuit analysis. Engineers often start with standard values like 1 ohm, 1 henry, or 1 farad because they make examples and problems easier to work through. Later, those values can be scaled to more realistic levels. This method is useful in filters, resonant circuits, and many other circuit analysis problems. It reduces calculation complexity while keeping the circuit behavior easy to study.

design example

Touch-Tone Filter Design Example

Touch-tone telephony uses dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling and a filter design example to show how keypad tones are separated. It replaced the old rotary dial with a matrix-style keypad arranged in four rows and three columns. Each of the 12 buttons produces a unique signal pair. Every key press creates two sinusoidal tones at the same time. One tone comes from a low-frequency group between 697 and 941 Hz. The other comes from a high-frequency group between 1209 and 1477 Hz. This...

key terms and concepts

Explore how inductive circuits change with frequency, using impedance, phasors, transfer functions, phase shift, and the half-power frequency.

Inductive Circuit Frequency Response | JoVE K12

JoVE Core 電気工学 は、電気回路の基本概念と回路解析テクニックを網羅したアニメーションビデオシリーズです。オペアンプと回路変換および 1 次・ 2 次回路の概念を網羅しています。実験を撮影した実写動画では、設計例や現代社会での応用が含まれており、複雑な概念も分かりやすく学習いただけます。

electrical engineering

Inductive Circuit Frequency Response

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