Name: scalar quantities in physics
Uploaded: 2023-09-22T11:49:38.000Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE
Description: Scalar quantities in physics have size only. They do not include direction. This makes them different from vector quantities. Common scalar examples include mass, temperature, time, and energy. Each one can be described with a number and a unit. Because direction is not part of the value, scalars are often easier to compare and measure.

時間、質量、距離などの物理量には大きさがありますが、方向はありません。このような量はスカラー量と呼ばれます。
これらは、数値の後に物理単位が続くものとして表されます。たとえば、リンゴの質量は100 gです。 
スカラーはベクトルとは異なり、ベクトルには大きさと方向の両方があります。
たとえば、物体の質量は物質内の物質の量に依存し、スカラー量です。対照的に、物体の重量、つまり地球の重力によって加えられる力はベクトル量です。
同様に、距離はスカラー量であり、オブジェクトの位置の変化である変位はベクトル量です。
スカラーはイタリック体の文字で示されます。
スカラーは、電子の電荷や温度計のスケールの読み取り値など、負の場合があります。
ここで、マイナス記号は、エンティティのスケールまたは性質上のポイントを表します。
摂氏温度計と華氏温度計の場合、スケールは異なるポイントでゼロを読み取ります。したがって、負の温度も異なるスケールの読み取り値で読み取ります。

スケーラーの概要

身の回りの多くの物理量は、単一の数値と適切な単位を指定するだけで完全に表せます。たとえば、「授業時間は 50 分です」「車のガソリン タンクの容量は 65 Lです。」「 2 つのポスト間の距離は 100 m です。」といったものが挙げられます。このように完全に指定できる物理量をスカラー量と呼びます。 「スカラー」という言葉は「数」の同義語です。時間、質量、距離、長さ、体積、温度、エネルギーなどはその例です。

同じ物理単位を持つスカラー量は、数値の代数の通常の規則に従って加算または減算できます。 たとえば、50分の授業が10分早く終わると、その授業時間は 50分 - 10分 = 40分 となります。 同様に、60 cal のトウモロコシと 200 cal のドーナツを食べると、60 cal + 200 cal = 260 cal のエネルギーが得られます。 スカラー量に数値を乗算すると、同じスカラー量が得られますが、値が大きくなります (または小さくなります)。 たとえば、昨日の朝食のエネルギーが 200 カロリーで、今日の朝食のエネルギーが昨日の 4 倍である場合、今日の朝食のエネルギーは 昨日の4倍であるため、4 × 200 cal = 800 cal となります。2 つのスカラー量を相互に乗算または除算して、派生スカラー量を形成することもできます。 たとえば、電車が 120 km の距離を 1 時間で移動する場合、その速度は 120,000 m/3600 秒 = 33 m/s になります。ここで、速度は距離を時間で割ることで求められる派生スカラー量です。

このテキストは <a href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/2-1-scalars-and-vectors">Openstax, University Physics Volume 1, Section 2.1: Scalars and Vectors.</a>から編集されたものです。

多くの身近な物理量は、単一の数値と適切な単位を与えることによって完全に指定できます。たとえば、「授業期間は続く...

Education

JoVE Core

Mechanical Engineering

機械工学

Unit 1

ユニット1

Physics Basics

物理学の基礎

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

Introduction to Scalers

scalar quantities in physics

Scalar quantities in physics have size only. They do not include direction. This makes them different from vector quantities.

Common scalar examples include mass, temperature, time, and energy. Each one can be described with a number and a unit. Because direction is not part of the value, scalars are often easier to compare and measure.

Scalar Quantities in Physics

introduction to scalers

Scalar quantities in physics have size only. They do not include direction. This makes them different from vector quantities. Common scalar examples include mass, temperature, time, and energy. Each one can be described with a number and a unit. Because direction is not part of the value, scalars are often easier to compare and measure.

vector or cross product

Cross Product of Two Vectors

The cross product of two vectors gives a new vector that is related to both original vectors. It is also called the vector product. In many physics problems, this operation helps describe quantities that depend on direction as well as size. The result of a cross product has a direction set by the two input vectors. It is not the same as ordinary multiplication. The transcript focuses on the vector or cross product as a core vector operation students use when working with vectors in science.

introduction to vectors

Vectors in Motion and Direction

Vectors describe quantities that have both size and direction. They are used in physics to show how motion, force, and other quantities act in space. A vector can be represented with an arrow. The length of the arrow shows the size, and the arrowhead shows the direction. This makes vectors useful for comparing how one quantity points relative to another. Scalars are different because they have size only and no direction. Understanding the difference between vectors and scalars is an important...

units and standards of measurement

Measurement Units, Standards, and SI Basics

Measurement units, standards, and SI basics help scientists describe physical quantities clearly. A unit gives a number meaning, while a standard provides a fixed reference for that measurement. Together, they make results easier to compare and understand. The International System of Units, or SI, is the most common measurement system in science. It uses agreed-upon base units for common quantities. These standards reduce confusion when measurements are shared across labs, classrooms, and...

accuracy and precision

Measurement Errors, Accuracy, and Precision

Measurement errors can affect how close a result is to the true value and how consistent repeated results are. Accuracy describes how close a measurement is to the accepted or true value. Precision describes how close repeated measurements are to one another. A result can be accurate, precise, both, or neither. A set of measurements may cluster tightly together and still be far from the true value. Another set may include values spread out from one another, even if one of them is close to the...

rules of significant figures

Counting Significant Figures in Measurements

Significant figures help students record measurements with the correct level of precision. They show which digits in a number are meaningful and which only help place the decimal point. In science class, this idea matters when writing and comparing measured values. The rules for significant figures explain how to count these digits in different numbers. Some digits are always counted, while others depend on where they appear in the number. Learning the rules makes it easier to report answers...

random and systematic errors

Measuring Error in Scientific Data

Random and systematic errors affect scientific measurements. Random errors cause values to spread around the true value. They make repeated measurements less consistent. Systematic errors shift measurements in the same direction each time. Understanding both kinds of error helps students judge data quality. Random error can come from small changes during measurement. Systematic error can come from a biased tool or method. Scientists look for these patterns so they can improve results and...

position and displacement

Tracking Motion with Position and Displacement

Position and displacement are key ideas in straight-line motion. Position tells where an object is located compared with a chosen starting point, called the origin. Displacement describes how far and in what direction the object has moved from its starting position. These ideas help describe motion clearly. Position can change as an object moves. Displacement focuses on the change in position, not just the path taken. That makes it useful for comparing motion in a simple and precise way.

position and displacement vectors

Using Vectors to Describe Motion

Position and displacement vectors describe motion in physics. A position vector shows where an object is located relative to a chosen origin. A displacement vector shows how far and in what direction the object moves from one point to another. These vectors are useful because they give a clear way to track movement in space. The video connects position and displacement to the idea of a reference point and shows how direction matters as much as distance. That makes them important for describing...

mass and weight

How Mass Differs from Weight

Mass and weight are related, but they are not the same. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Weight is the force of gravity acting on that object. This difference matters because mass stays the same even when gravity changes. Weight can change if the gravitational pull changes. A person or object therefore has the same mass, but not always the same weight. The terms are often used in everyday speech as if they mean the same thing. In physics, they describe two different ideas.

acceleration due to gravity on earth

Free-Fall Acceleration on Earth

Free-fall acceleration on Earth describes how fast an object speeds up when gravity is the only force acting on it. Near Earth’s surface, this acceleration is nearly constant for many everyday situations. Gravity pulls objects toward Earth and gives them downward acceleration. This motion is often written as g, and it helps explain why falling objects gain speed as they move downward. The value of g is commonly used in physics to predict the motion of objects dropped or released near the...

tension

Tension in Ropes and Strings

Tension is the pulling force carried by a rope, string, or cable when it is stretched by a load. In physics, this force acts along the length of the object and pulls away from the objects at each end. A stretched rope can support a hanging mass because the tension in the rope balances the weight of the load. The same idea appears in many everyday situations, such as a cable holding a sign or a string lifting an object. Understanding tension helps students connect force diagrams to real motion.

gravitational force

How Gravity Acts Between Objects

Gravity is a force that pulls objects toward one another. On Earth, this force gives objects weight and keeps people, water, and other materials from drifting away. It also helps explain why planets and moons stay in motion around larger bodies. The strength of gravitational force depends on the masses of the objects involved. Larger masses create a stronger pull, while smaller masses create a weaker one. The distance between objects also matters, because gravity becomes weaker as objects move...

key terms and concepts

Learn how scalar quantities are used in physics, with clear examples like mass, temperature, time, and energy for high school students.

Scalar Quantities in Physics | JoVE K12

JoVE Core 機械工学は、平衡、力、トラス解析、構造力学などの重要なトピックをカバーする簡潔でわかりやすいアニメーション ビデオを提供します。実際のアプリケーションを探索し、科学者主導の実験を通じてこれらのコンセプトが実際に動作しているのを目撃してください。

mechanical engineering

Scalar Quantities in Physics

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