Name: zener diode voltage regulation
Uploaded: 2024-07-08T13:20:19.000Z
Duration: 1 min 16 s
Channel: JoVE

通常のダイオードと同様に、ツェナーダイオードは、順方向バイアスで電流を流し、逆バイアスで電流をブロックします。
ただし、逆バイアス電圧がツェナーダイオードの逆方向ブレークダウン電圧を超えると、電流が流れます。ツェナーダイオードの一般的なブレークダウン電圧は、数ボルトから数百ボルトの範囲です。
逆バイアス動作、特にニー電流を超えると、ツェナーダイオードはほぼ垂直なI-V動作を示します。
ソース電圧が増加すると、ツェナーダイオードを流れる電流が増えますが、ツェナーダイオードの両端の電圧は一定のままです。
逆バイアスにおけるI-V特性の傾きは、ツェナーダイオードの増分抵抗の逆数として定義されます。
ツェナーダイオードを流れる電流が規定値から逸脱すると、ツェナーの両端の電圧はわずかに変化します。そのため、ツェナーダイオードは、敏感な電子機器の電圧レギュレータとして使用されます。
ただし、この電圧偏差は、ツェナーを流れる電流がニー電流に近づくとより顕著になるため、ツェナーダイオードは主に大電流領域の電圧レギュレータとして適しています。

ツェナーダイオード

ツェナーダイオードは、逆ブレークダウン領域で動作するように設計された特殊な半導体デバイスです。逆ブレークダウン領域では、電流がカソードに流れ込み、アノードに対して正になります。この逆動作により、ツェナーダイオードは従来のダイオードと区別され、さまざまな用途、特に電圧レギュレータとして使用できます。ツェナーダイオードの特徴の 1 つは、膝電流と呼ばれる特定のしきい値電流を超えるとほぼ垂直の I-V (電流-電圧) 特性曲線になることです。これにより、ツェナーダイオードは幅広い電流範囲にわたって比較的安定した電圧を維持できます。
製造者は、ツェナーダイオードの最大電力消費と、特定のテスト電流でのツェナー電圧を指定します。数ボルトから数百ボルトの範囲のツェナー電圧は、電流の変化に応じてわずかに変化します。この変動は、動作領域での I-V 曲線の傾きの逆数として定義されるダイオードの動的抵抗によるものです。低い動的抵抗は、変化する電流にわたって電圧の安定性を維持するために重要であり、電圧調整アプリケーションにおけるツェナーダイオードの有効性を高めます。
ただし、動的抵抗が大幅に増加する低電流領域でツェナーダイオードを動作させないようにすることが重要です。これは、調整された電圧の不安定性につながる可能性があるためです。ツェナー電圧の温度依存性は、もう 1 つの重要な要素であり、温度係数（ミリボルト/℃）は、温度によって電圧がどのように変化するかを示します。低電圧のツェナーダイオードは一般に負の温度係数を示しますが、高電圧のダイオードは正の温度係数を示します。温度の影響を最小限に抑えて安定した基準電圧を必要とするアプリケーションでは、正の温度係数を持つツェナーダイオードを順方向導通ダイオードと直列に組み合わせて、温度変化を効果的に補正できます。

通常のダイオードと同様に、ツェナーダイオードは、順方向バイアスで電流を流し、逆バイアスで電流をブロックします。
しかし、逆バイアス電圧が...

Education

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

電気工学

Unit 1

ユニット1

Diodes

ダイオード

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

Zener Diodes

zener diode voltage regulation

Zener diodes are semiconductor devices used to hold voltage steady in reverse bias. In reverse breakdown, current flows into the cathode and makes it positive relative to the anode. This behavior is different from a conventional diode and is the reason Zener diodes are useful in voltage regulation.

A Zener diode has a nearly vertical current-voltage, or I-V, curve above a threshold called the knee current. That shape lets it keep a fairly stable voltage over a wide range of currents. Manufacturers list the Zener voltage at a specific test current and also give the maximum power dissipation.

The Zener voltage can range from a few volts to several hundred volts. It changes slightly as current changes because the diode has dynamic resistance, which is the inverse of the slope of the I-V curve in the operating region. Low dynamic resistance helps the voltage stay stable, so the diode works better as a regulator.

It is important not to run a Zener diode in the low-current region. In that region, dynamic resistance rises a lot and the regulated voltage can become unstable. Temperature also affects Zener voltage, and the temperature coefficient, measured in millivolts per degree Celsius, shows how the voltage changes with temperature.

Lower-voltage Zener diodes usually have negative temperature coefficients. Higher-voltage Zener diodes usually have positive coefficients. For a more stable reference voltage, a Zener diode with a positive temperature coefficient can be connected in series with a forward-conducting diode to help cancel temperature changes.

Zener Diode Voltage Regulation

the ideal diode

Ideal Diode I-V Curve and Rectification

An ideal diode is a simple model of a semiconductor diode used to show how current moves through circuits. A diode has two terminals. The anode is positive, and the cathode is negative. In this model, current can flow only in one direction. When a positive voltage is applied to the anode relative to the cathode, the diode is forward-biased. In that state, it conducts current. When the cathode is at a higher potential than the anode, the diode is reverse-biased. It then blocks current and acts...

diode: forward bias

Diode Current in Forward Bias

Diode current in forward bias depends on how the p-type and n-type regions are connected to a battery. When the p-type region is tied to the positive terminal and the n-type region to the negative terminal, the diode is forward-biased. This setup lowers the potential barrier inside the diode and lets current move easily from the p-type side to the n-type side. The current-voltage behavior of a forward-biased diode is described by its I-V characteristics. These characteristics depend on the...

diode: reverse bias

Diode Reverse Current and Breakdown

A diode in reverse bias blocks current flow and widens its depletion region. In this setup, the positive terminal of the power source connects to the n-type material, and the negative terminal connects to the p-type material. The reverse connection also raises the barrier potential, so current stays very small. The small reverse current is called leakage current. It comes mainly from minority charge carriers. At room temperature, once the reverse voltage is above the thermal voltage, the...

zener diodes

Zener diodes are semiconductor devices used to hold voltage steady in reverse bias. In reverse breakdown, current flows into the cathode and makes it positive relative to the anode. This behavior is different from a conventional diode and is the reason Zener diodes are useful in voltage regulation. A Zener diode has a nearly vertical current-voltage, or I-V, curve above a threshold called the knee current. That shape lets it keep a fairly stable voltage over a wide range of currents.

modeling of diode forward characteristics

modeling-of-diode-forward-characteristics

Diode Forward Bias: I-V Curve and Models

Diode forward bias is analyzed with the current-voltage, or I-V, curve and two common circuit models. These models help describe how a diode behaves when current flows in the forward direction. They are useful for electronic circuit design and analysis. The exponential diode model is used when the source voltage rises above 0.5 volts. At that point, the diode current increases exponentially above the saturation current. The I-V curve shows this nonlinear response as the forward voltage...

small-signal diode model

Diode Bias and Small-Signal Response

Diode bias and small-signal response describe how a diode behaves when a steady DC voltage and a tiny changing signal act on the same circuit. The DC bias sets the diode’s operating point, or Q point. Around that point, the diode current and voltage follow an exponential I-V relationship. A small time-varying signal can be added on top of the DC bias to study how the diode responds to small changes. When the signal voltage is much smaller than the thermal voltage, the diode’s behavior can be...

modeling of diode reverse characteristics

modeling-of-diode-reverse-characteristics

Zener Diode Load-Line Modeling

Zener diode load-line modeling shows how a reverse-biased diode sets a steady voltage in a circuit. Zener diodes use reverse breakdown in a controlled way, so they can hold a fixed voltage across their terminals. This makes them useful for voltage regulation. When the reverse voltage rises above the Zener voltage, or VZ, the diode enters the breakdown region. In this region, the current-voltage, or I-V, curve becomes nearly vertical after the knee current, IZ, is reached. That means the...

half wave rectifier

Single-Diode AC to DC Conversion

Single-diode AC to DC conversion uses a half-wave rectifier to change alternating current into a unidirectional voltage. The circuit is simple. It uses one diode in series with a load resistor and an AC power source. The diode controls the current because it allows flow in only one direction. During the positive half-cycles of the AC input, the diode is forward-biased. When the input voltage is greater than the diode threshold, current flows and an output voltage appears across the load...

full wave rectifier

AC to DC Conversion with Full-Wave Rectifiers

A full-wave rectifier converts alternating current, or AC, into direct current, or DC. It is more efficient than a half-wave rectifier. The circuit usually uses a center-tapped transformer, two diodes, and a load resistor. The center-tapped transformer is the key part of the circuit. Its secondary winding is split into two equal voltages with opposite polarities. That split lets the rectifier use both halves of the AC input waveform. During the positive half-cycle of the AC signal, diode D1...

bridge rectifier

AC to DC Conversion with Bridge Diodes

A bridge rectifier converts alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC) using four diodes arranged in a bridge layout. It is used to turn both halves of the AC waveform into a single-direction output. That makes it an important part of many electronics circuits. During the positive half-cycle, diodes D1 and D2 conduct. Current then flows through the load resistor R. At the same time, D3 and D4 are reverse-biased, so they do not conduct. The action switches during the negative half-cycle.

clipper circuit

Dual Diode Wave Clipping

Dual diode wave clipping uses diodes and biasing batteries to reshape an AC signal. A clipper circuit is a wave-shaping device that changes waveform parts without changing the whole signal. It is commonly used in television and radar communication systems to improve waveform modulation in transmitters and receivers. A dual-clipper setup uses two ideal diodes, two biasing batteries, and a resistor connected in parallel. The circuit works by responding to the phase of the input AC signal. The...

clamper circuit

DC Restorer for Waveform Level Shifting

A clamper circuit, or DC restorer, shifts a waveform up or down by adding a DC level. It is a special form of rectifier circuit. In this setup, the output is taken across the diode instead of across the capacitor. The circuit works well with square wave inputs and other pulse signals. The diode direction lets the capacitor charge to the most negative peak of the input signal. After that, the diode stops conducting. The capacitor then holds that voltage at a steady value. As a result, the...

voltage doubler circuit

How a Voltage Doubler Raises AC Output

A voltage doubler circuit raises the output voltage by using a clamping section and a rectifier section. The clamping section includes a capacitor, C1, and a diode, D1. The rectifier section includes a second diode, D2, and a capacitor, C2. The circuit starts working when a sinusoidal input signal enters the clamping section. Under ideal conditions, this stage clamps the positive peaks at zero volts. It also lets the negative peak reach a magnitude that is twice the input amplitude. That...

schottky barrier diode

Fast Switching in Schottky Diodes

Schottky barrier diodes use a metal-semiconductor junction to control current flow. They are built by combining a metal layer with a moderately doped n-type semiconductor. This contact creates the Schottky barrier, which gives the diode its one-way current behavior. When the metal touches the semiconductor, charge transfer occurs. The Fermi levels of the two materials align, and a depletion region forms near the contact area. In an n-type semiconductor, this region contains uncompensated...

key terms and concepts

Explore how Zener diodes hold voltage steady in reverse breakdown, why dynamic resistance matters, and how temperature affects their use in regulation.

Zener Diode Voltage Regulation | JoVE K12

JoVE Core 電気工学 は、電気回路の基本概念と回路解析テクニックを網羅したアニメーションビデオシリーズです。オペアンプと回路変換および 1 次・ 2 次回路の概念を網羅しています。実験を撮影した実写動画では、設計例や現代社会での応用が含まれており、複雑な概念も分かりやすく学習いただけます。

electrical engineering

Zener Diode Voltage Regulation

Description

Transcript

Tags