Name: cement setting and strength formation
Uploaded: 2024-09-12T16:16:35.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

セメントの水和は、セメント粒子に水が加えられると始まります。
水の存在下では、無水セメント化合物は最初に解離し、イオンを水に放出し、最終的に溶液中にケイ酸塩とアルミン酸塩の水和物を形成して沈殿し、セメント粒子を所定の位置に保持します。
その後の水和は、セメント粒子の表面で行われます。
ケイ酸塩の水和は、ケイ酸三カルシウムとケイ酸二カルシウムと水との反応を伴い、水酸化カルシウムとともに水和の主要生成物であるケイ酸カルシウム水和物を形成します。
C2SとC3Sの水和はほぼ同じ量の水を消費しますが、C2Sの水和はC3Sと比較してC-S-Hをより多く生成し、CHを少なくします。
アルミネートの水和は、石膏の存在下でアルミン酸三カルシウムと水と反応してエトリンガイトを形成し、後でモノスルホアルミン酸カルシウム水和物に変化します。
これに加えて、アルミネートの水和は、アルミン酸カルシウム水和物とアルミノフェライトカルシウム水和物を生成します。
未反応のセメント粒子と混合物中の自由水が接触する限り、水和は続きます。

利益相反は宣言されていません。

セメントの水和

セメントの水和は、セメント粒子と水の間の化学反応です。このプロセスは、主に2つのメカニズム、すなわち、スルーソリューションとトポケミカルによって起こります。スルーソリューションプロセスでは、無水化合物が成分に溶解し、溶液中に水和物が形成され、その後、過飽和溶液から沈殿します。トポケミカルプロセスでは、セメント粒子の表面で固体反応が起こります。スルーソリューションプロセスは、初期の水和段階ではトポケミカルプロセスを支配します。

アルミネートは急速に水和し、すぐに水と反応して大量の熱を放出します。石膏を加えると、アルミネートの溶解度を下げる硫酸イオンが放出され、この反応が遅くなり、硬化速度が制御されます。アルミネートの水和生成物は、カルシウムアルミネート水和物とカルシウムアルミノフェライト水和物です。カルシウムケイ酸塩は水和してカルシウムケイ酸塩水和物(C-S-H)と水酸化カルシウムを形成し、C_3SはC_2Sよりも速く水和します。ケイ酸三カルシウム(C_3S)が完全に水和すると、61%のケイ酸カルシウム水和物(C-S-H)と39%の水酸化カルシウムが生成されますが、ケイ酸二カルシウム(C_2S)が完全に水和すると、82%のC-S-Hと18%の水酸化カルシウムが生成されます。C-S-Hはセメントの強度にとって非常に重要であるため、C_3Sに対するC_2S含有量を増やすと、コンクリートの極限強度を高めることができます。

セメントの水和は、セメント粒子に水が加えられると始まります。
水の存在下では、無水セメント化合物は最初に解離し、...

Education

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

土木工学

Unit 1

ユニット1

Introduction to Concrete

コンクリート入門

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

Hydration of Cement

cement setting and strength formation

Cement setting and strength formation begin when water is added to cement particles. The main reaction is called hydration. During hydration, the anhydrous cement compounds react with water and form new solids that help harden the material.

Hydration can happen by two main paths: through-solution and topochemical. In through-solution, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their parts, hydrates form in the liquid, and then they come out of a supersaturated solution. In topochemical hydration, reactions occur at the surface of the cement particle in the solid state. Early in hydration, the through-solution path is the dominant one.

Aluminates react very quickly with water and release a large amount of heat. Gypsum is added to slow this reaction. It releases sulfate ions, which lower the solubility of aluminates and help control the setting rate. The main products from aluminates are calcium aluminate hydrate and calcium aluminoferrite hydrate.

Calcium silicates also hydrate and form calcium-silicate-hydrate, or C-S-H, along with calcium hydroxide. Tricalcium silicate, or C3S, hydrates faster than dicalcium silicate, or C2S. When C3S hydrates completely, it produces 61% C-S-H and 39% calcium hydroxide. When C2S hydrates completely, it produces 82% C-S-H and 18% calcium hydroxide.

C-S-H is the key product for cement strength. Because of that, raising the C2S content relative to C3S can improve the final strength of concrete. The balance of these cement compounds helps determine how fast cement sets and how strong it becomes over time.

Cement Setting and Strength Formation

concrete

Concrete Materials and Reinforcement

Concrete is a major construction material used in buildings, bridges, airfields, highways, dams, and silos. It is valued for strength, durability, and versatility in many structural designs. A concrete mix usually includes Portland cement, coarse gravel, fine sand, and water. Concrete can be mixed by hand or made at industrial plants with computer control. The mix has aggregates and a paste made from water and Portland cement. This paste coats the aggregates. Through hydration, a chemical...

portland cement

How Portland Cement Is Made

Portland cement is the main binding material in concrete. It is made from finely ground ingredients that include lime, iron, silica, and alumina. These materials give cement the properties it needs to hold concrete together. The raw ingredients come from several common natural sources. Lime is obtained mainly from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays. Those same clays can also supply iron and alumina. Silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Making Portland cement starts by...

hydration of cement

Cement setting and strength formation begin when water is added to cement particles. The main reaction is called hydration. During hydration, the anhydrous cement compounds react with water and form new solids that help harden the material. Hydration can happen by two main paths: through-solution and topochemical. In through-solution, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their parts, hydrates form in the liquid, and then they come out of a supersaturated solution. In topochemical hydration,...

strength and heat of hydration

Cement Hydration Heat and Strength Gain

Cement hydration produces heat and builds strength at the same time. Hydration is an exothermic reaction, which means it releases heat as cement reacts with water. That heat of hydration is a key part of how cement develops strength. Most of the heat is released early in the process. About half is given off in the first three days, and about 75% is released in the first week. The rate of heat release also affects how much the temperature rises during hydration. Some cement compounds...

fineness of cement

How Cement Particle Size Changes Behavior

Cement particle size changes how cement behaves in concrete. Finer cement has more surface area, so hydration starts faster at the particle surface. This affects the rate of hardening and also influences workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. Cement fineness is usually described by its specific surface area. This is the total surface area of cement particles per unit mass, and it is often measured in square meters per kilogram. Several methods can be used to determine it,...

setting time of cement

Cement Initial and Final Set

Cement setting time describes how cement paste changes from a plastic state to a solid state. This change matters in construction because it sets the window for placing, compacting, and finishing concrete. The first stage is called the initial set. At that point, the paste becomes unworkable. The next stage is the final set. By then, the paste has solidified completely, and further handling can no longer change its shape. Cement strength is still very low at this stage because hydration of...

soundness of cement

Cement Expansion Tests for Soundness

Cement soundness is the ability of cement paste to keep its volume after it sets. If cement is unsound, it can expand later and damage a structure. This problem can come from free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate in the cement. Free lime hydrates very slowly. As it reacts, it can expand and cause unsoundness. It is also hard to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds in the cement structure. Magnesia can also react with water. It forms crystals that may disrupt the cement...

strength of cement

Cement Strength Tests and Standards

Cement strength is measured with standard tests that use mortar, not neat cement paste. Cement paste alone is hard to shape into specimens that give consistent and reliable results. For that reason, the test samples are usually made with cement and sand. For compressive strength, ASTM C 109-05 uses a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485. The mixture is cast into 2-inch cubes and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. This method measures how well the...

types of cement i

Portland Cement Grades and Uses

Portland cement comes in several grades with different properties and uses. Its chemical composition and hydration behavior help determine how it performs in concrete. These differences matter in general construction, fast repairs, large structures, and places where sulfate exposure is a concern. Type I, or Ordinary Portland Cement, is the common choice for general construction. It is used when special properties are not required. This type has moderate sulfate resistance and moderate heat of...

types of cement ii

Special Portland Cements for Durability

Special Portland cements are made for specific building needs, such as added durability, color, or lower cracking risk. One major example is Portland blast-furnace cement. It is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which makes up about 25 to 65 percent of the cement by weight. Portland blast-furnace cement sets at about the same rate and has about the same fineness as ordinary Portland cement, which is Type I cement. Its early strength is lower, but it...

pozzolans

Pozzolans in Stronger Concrete Mixes

Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials used with Portland cement to improve concrete performance. They react with the calcium hydroxide formed during cement hydration. This reaction helps increase strength and durability. The usefulness of a pozzolan is measured by its pozzolanic activity. One common test is the strength activity index from ASTM C 618-93. It compares the compressive strength of cement mixtures made with and without pozzolan. Fly ash is a common artificial pozzolan. It...

key terms and concepts

Learn how cement reacts with water, how gypsum controls setting, and why C-S-H formation from C3S and C2S drives concrete strength.

Cement Setting and Strength Formation | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering provides a foundational exploration of essential construction materials in civil engineering, focusing on bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete through easy-to-understand animated videos. This collection covers the properties, manufacturing processes, and practical applications of these materials. Additionally, the accompanied science-in-action videos demonstrate the research experiments performed in laboratories.

civil engineering

Cement Setting and Strength Formation

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