Name: how cement particle size changes behavior
Uploaded: 2024-09-12T16:16:36.000Z
Duration: 1 min 15 s
Channel: JoVE

セメントのサイズ分布曲線は、さまざまなサイズの粒子の割合を示すことにより、その細かさを示します。曲線は急に上昇し、微粒子のかなりの部分を示しています。セメント粒子の約90%は2.36ミル未満です。
セメントの水和は、セメント粒子の表面で開始されます。セメントが細かいほど表面積が大きくなり、水和と強度の発達が速くなります。
セメントの細かさは、セメントの単位重量あたりのセメント粒子の総表面積です。
ブレイン通気性試験は、セメントの比表面積を決定するために一般的に使用されます。
このために、セメントは特定の密度でセルに詰められ、部分的な真空が生成され、セメント床を通して一定量の空気が引き込まれます。これにかかる時間が測定され、セメントの比表面積が計算されます。
また、45ミクロンのふるいを通してセメントの明確な質量を乾式ふるいにかけ、ふるいに保持された残留物の重量を測定すると、セメントの細かさが得られます。

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セメントの細かさ

セメントの細かさは、セメント粒子の表面から水和が始まるため、水和速度に直接影響します。水和に加えて、セメントの細かさは、作業性、石膏の必要性、長期挙動など、コンクリートの様々な特性にとって重要です。セメントの細かさは、セメントの比表面積で表されます。これは通常、平方メートル/キログラムで測定されますが、この測定にはいくつかの方法が考えられます。

比表面積の直接測定は、沈降または水簸によって行うことができ、ストークスの法則を利用して、流体中の球状粒子の終端速度を見つけます。別の方法としては、ワグナー濁度計があります。これは、懸濁液中の粒子濃度を推定し、光透過によって粒子の表面積を測定します。

さらに、リー・ナース法やブレイン法などの空気透過性法が使用されます。 リーとナースの方法は、セメント床を流れる空気の圧力降下を測定し、それをセメント床の透過性と関連付けて、間接的にセメントの単位質量あたりの比表面積を求めます。ブレイン法は、既知の体積の空気が一定速度でセメント床を通過するのにかかる時間を記録し、比表面積の計算も可能にします。

セメントのサイズ分布曲線は、さまざまなサイズの粒子の割合を示すことにより、その細かさを示します。曲線は急に上昇し、...

Education

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

土木工学

Unit 1

ユニット1

Introduction to Concrete

コンクリート入門

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

Fineness of Cement

how cement particle size changes behavior

Cement particle size changes how cement behaves in concrete. Finer cement has more surface area, so hydration starts faster at the particle surface. This affects the rate of hardening and also influences workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior.

Cement fineness is usually described by its specific surface area. This is the total surface area of cement particles per unit mass, and it is often measured in square meters per kilogram. Several methods can be used to determine it, depending on the test setup.

Some methods measure the surface area directly. Sedimentation and elutriation use Stokes' law to calculate the terminal velocity of spherical particles in a fluid. The Wagner turbidimeter is another direct approach. It estimates particle concentration in a suspension and uses light transmission to measure particle surface area.

Other methods use air flow through a cement bed. The Lea and Nurse method measures the pressure drop of air and links it to bed permeability, which gives the specific surface area indirectly. The Blaine method measures how long a known volume of air takes to pass through the cement bed at a constant rate. That time is then used to calculate specific surface area.

How Cement Particle Size Changes Behavior

how-cement-particle-size-changes-behavior

concrete

Concrete Materials and Reinforcement

Concrete is a major construction material used in buildings, bridges, airfields, highways, dams, and silos. It is valued for strength, durability, and versatility in many structural designs. A concrete mix usually includes Portland cement, coarse gravel, fine sand, and water. Concrete can be mixed by hand or made at industrial plants with computer control. The mix has aggregates and a paste made from water and Portland cement. This paste coats the aggregates. Through hydration, a chemical...

portland cement

How Portland Cement Is Made

Portland cement is the main binding material in concrete. It is made from finely ground ingredients that include lime, iron, silica, and alumina. These materials give cement the properties it needs to hold concrete together. The raw ingredients come from several common natural sources. Lime is obtained mainly from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays. Those same clays can also supply iron and alumina. Silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Making Portland cement starts by...

hydration of cement

Cement Setting and Strength Formation

Cement setting and strength formation begin when water is added to cement particles. The main reaction is called hydration. During hydration, the anhydrous cement compounds react with water and form new solids that help harden the material. Hydration can happen by two main paths: through-solution and topochemical. In through-solution, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their parts, hydrates form in the liquid, and then they come out of a supersaturated solution. In topochemical hydration,...

strength and heat of hydration

Cement Hydration Heat and Strength Gain

Cement hydration produces heat and builds strength at the same time. Hydration is an exothermic reaction, which means it releases heat as cement reacts with water. That heat of hydration is a key part of how cement develops strength. Most of the heat is released early in the process. About half is given off in the first three days, and about 75% is released in the first week. The rate of heat release also affects how much the temperature rises during hydration. Some cement compounds...

fineness of cement

Cement particle size changes how cement behaves in concrete. Finer cement has more surface area, so hydration starts faster at the particle surface. This affects the rate of hardening and also influences workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. Cement fineness is usually described by its specific surface area. This is the total surface area of cement particles per unit mass, and it is often measured in square meters per kilogram. Several methods can be used to determine it,...

setting time of cement

Cement Initial and Final Set

Cement setting time describes how cement paste changes from a plastic state to a solid state. This change matters in construction because it sets the window for placing, compacting, and finishing concrete. The first stage is called the initial set. At that point, the paste becomes unworkable. The next stage is the final set. By then, the paste has solidified completely, and further handling can no longer change its shape. Cement strength is still very low at this stage because hydration of...

soundness of cement

Cement Expansion Tests for Soundness

Cement soundness is the ability of cement paste to keep its volume after it sets. If cement is unsound, it can expand later and damage a structure. This problem can come from free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate in the cement. Free lime hydrates very slowly. As it reacts, it can expand and cause unsoundness. It is also hard to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds in the cement structure. Magnesia can also react with water. It forms crystals that may disrupt the cement...

strength of cement

Cement Strength Tests and Standards

Cement strength is measured with standard tests that use mortar, not neat cement paste. Cement paste alone is hard to shape into specimens that give consistent and reliable results. For that reason, the test samples are usually made with cement and sand. For compressive strength, ASTM C 109-05 uses a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485. The mixture is cast into 2-inch cubes and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. This method measures how well the...

types of cement i

Portland Cement Grades and Uses

Portland cement comes in several grades with different properties and uses. Its chemical composition and hydration behavior help determine how it performs in concrete. These differences matter in general construction, fast repairs, large structures, and places where sulfate exposure is a concern. Type I, or Ordinary Portland Cement, is the common choice for general construction. It is used when special properties are not required. This type has moderate sulfate resistance and moderate heat of...

types of cement ii

Special Portland Cements for Durability

Special Portland cements are made for specific building needs, such as added durability, color, or lower cracking risk. One major example is Portland blast-furnace cement. It is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which makes up about 25 to 65 percent of the cement by weight. Portland blast-furnace cement sets at about the same rate and has about the same fineness as ordinary Portland cement, which is Type I cement. Its early strength is lower, but it...

pozzolans

Pozzolans in Stronger Concrete Mixes

Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials used with Portland cement to improve concrete performance. They react with the calcium hydroxide formed during cement hydration. This reaction helps increase strength and durability. The usefulness of a pozzolan is measured by its pozzolanic activity. One common test is the strength activity index from ASTM C 618-93. It compares the compressive strength of cement mixtures made with and without pozzolan. Fly ash is a common artificial pozzolan. It...

key terms and concepts

Explore how cement particle size affects hydration, workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. Learn the main methods used to measure specific surface area.

How Cement Particle Size Changes Behavior | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering provides a foundational exploration of essential construction materials in civil engineering, focusing on bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete through easy-to-understand animated videos. This collection covers the properties, manufacturing processes, and practical applications of these materials. Additionally, the accompanied science-in-action videos demonstrate the research experiments performed in laboratories.

civil engineering

How Cement Particle Size Changes Behavior

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