Name: cement initial and final set
Uploaded: 2024-09-12T16:16:36.000Z
Duration: 1 min 12 s
Channel: JoVE

セメントの硬化時間とは、セメントペーストが塑性状態から硬質状態に変化するのにかかる時間であり、ビカット装置を用いて決定します。
最初に、セメントに水を加え、必要な粘稠度のペーストを調製し、次にそれを型に充填します。
次に、直径0.04インチの針を、金型の底から指定された距離を貫通するまで、一定の時間間隔でセメントペーストに下げます。このインスタンスに水を加えるのにかかる時間が、セメントの初期設定時間を示します。 
その後、環状アタッチメントを備えた針を、アタッチメントがペーストの表面にマークを残さなくなるまで、特定の時間間隔でセメントペーストに下げられます。このインスタンスに水を追加してから経過した時間は、セメントの最終的な硬化時間を示します。
最後に、アメリカの基準によれば、ポルトランドセメントの初期設定時間は60分以上でなければならず、最終設置時間は10時間を超えてはなりません。

利益相反は宣言されていません。

セメントの硬化時間

セメントの硬化時間とは、セメントペーストが塑性状態から固体状態に移行するプロセスを指します。このプロセスは、コンクリートの配置、圧縮、仕上げのタイムフレームを決定するため、建設において非常に重要です。この凝固の開始は初期硬化と呼ばれ、ペーストが使用できなくなることを示します。最終硬化は、ペーストが完全に凝固し、それ以上の取り扱いや操作によって形状に影響がなくなるときです。この段階では、ケイ酸三カルシウムの水和が始まったばかりなので、セメントの強度は最小限です。

初期硬化時間と最終硬化時間は通常、ビカット装置を使用して測定されます。この装置は、標準化されたセメントペーストの針刺しに対する抵抗を評価します。

セメントを湿気の多い状態で保管すると、偽硬化を起こすことがあります。これは、セメントが混合後数分以内に、大きな熱を発生することなく急速に硬化する状況です。同様に、粉砕したポルトランドセメントクリンカーに十分な量の石膏が加えられていない場合、水を加えるとすぐに三カルシウムの水和が起こり、急速な熱の発生を特徴とするフラッシュセットと呼ばれるほぼ即時の硬化を引き起こします。

セメントの硬化時間は、セメントペーストが塑性状態から硬質状態に変化するのにかかる時間であり、ビカット...

Education

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

土木工学

Unit 1

ユニット1

Introduction to Concrete

コンクリート入門

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

Setting Time of Cement

cement initial and final set

Cement setting time describes how cement paste changes from a plastic state to a solid state. This change matters in construction because it sets the window for placing, compacting, and finishing concrete. The first stage is called the initial set. At that point, the paste becomes unworkable.

The next stage is the final set. By then, the paste has solidified completely, and further handling can no longer change its shape. Cement strength is still very low at this stage because hydration of tricalcium silicate has only just begun.

Initial and final setting times are usually measured with the Vicat apparatus. This device checks how much resistance a standardized cement paste gives to a needle. Cement can also show false set if it is stored in humid conditions. In this case, it stiffens within minutes after mixing but does not give off much heat.

A different problem is flash set. This can happen when not enough gypsum is added to ground Portland cement clinker. Then tricalcium hydration happens very quickly after water is added. The cement sets almost at once and releases heat rapidly.

Cement Initial and Final Set

concrete

Concrete Materials and Reinforcement

Concrete is a major construction material used in buildings, bridges, airfields, highways, dams, and silos. It is valued for strength, durability, and versatility in many structural designs. A concrete mix usually includes Portland cement, coarse gravel, fine sand, and water. Concrete can be mixed by hand or made at industrial plants with computer control. The mix has aggregates and a paste made from water and Portland cement. This paste coats the aggregates. Through hydration, a chemical...

portland cement

How Portland Cement Is Made

Portland cement is the main binding material in concrete. It is made from finely ground ingredients that include lime, iron, silica, and alumina. These materials give cement the properties it needs to hold concrete together. The raw ingredients come from several common natural sources. Lime is obtained mainly from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays. Those same clays can also supply iron and alumina. Silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Making Portland cement starts by...

hydration of cement

Cement Setting and Strength Formation

Cement setting and strength formation begin when water is added to cement particles. The main reaction is called hydration. During hydration, the anhydrous cement compounds react with water and form new solids that help harden the material. Hydration can happen by two main paths: through-solution and topochemical. In through-solution, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their parts, hydrates form in the liquid, and then they come out of a supersaturated solution. In topochemical hydration,...

strength and heat of hydration

Cement Hydration Heat and Strength Gain

Cement hydration produces heat and builds strength at the same time. Hydration is an exothermic reaction, which means it releases heat as cement reacts with water. That heat of hydration is a key part of how cement develops strength. Most of the heat is released early in the process. About half is given off in the first three days, and about 75% is released in the first week. The rate of heat release also affects how much the temperature rises during hydration. Some cement compounds...

fineness of cement

How Cement Particle Size Changes Behavior

Cement particle size changes how cement behaves in concrete. Finer cement has more surface area, so hydration starts faster at the particle surface. This affects the rate of hardening and also influences workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. Cement fineness is usually described by its specific surface area. This is the total surface area of cement particles per unit mass, and it is often measured in square meters per kilogram. Several methods can be used to determine it,...

setting time of cement

Cement setting time describes how cement paste changes from a plastic state to a solid state. This change matters in construction because it sets the window for placing, compacting, and finishing concrete. The first stage is called the initial set. At that point, the paste becomes unworkable. The next stage is the final set. By then, the paste has solidified completely, and further handling can no longer change its shape. Cement strength is still very low at this stage because hydration of...

soundness of cement

Cement Expansion Tests for Soundness

Cement soundness is the ability of cement paste to keep its volume after it sets. If cement is unsound, it can expand later and damage a structure. This problem can come from free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate in the cement. Free lime hydrates very slowly. As it reacts, it can expand and cause unsoundness. It is also hard to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds in the cement structure. Magnesia can also react with water. It forms crystals that may disrupt the cement...

strength of cement

Cement Strength Tests and Standards

Cement strength is measured with standard tests that use mortar, not neat cement paste. Cement paste alone is hard to shape into specimens that give consistent and reliable results. For that reason, the test samples are usually made with cement and sand. For compressive strength, ASTM C 109-05 uses a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485. The mixture is cast into 2-inch cubes and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. This method measures how well the...

types of cement i

Portland Cement Grades and Uses

Portland cement comes in several grades with different properties and uses. Its chemical composition and hydration behavior help determine how it performs in concrete. These differences matter in general construction, fast repairs, large structures, and places where sulfate exposure is a concern. Type I, or Ordinary Portland Cement, is the common choice for general construction. It is used when special properties are not required. This type has moderate sulfate resistance and moderate heat of...

types of cement ii

Special Portland Cements for Durability

Special Portland cements are made for specific building needs, such as added durability, color, or lower cracking risk. One major example is Portland blast-furnace cement. It is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which makes up about 25 to 65 percent of the cement by weight. Portland blast-furnace cement sets at about the same rate and has about the same fineness as ordinary Portland cement, which is Type I cement. Its early strength is lower, but it...

pozzolans

Pozzolans in Stronger Concrete Mixes

Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials used with Portland cement to improve concrete performance. They react with the calcium hydroxide formed during cement hydration. This reaction helps increase strength and durability. The usefulness of a pozzolan is measured by its pozzolanic activity. One common test is the strength activity index from ASTM C 618-93. It compares the compressive strength of cement mixtures made with and without pozzolan. Fly ash is a common artificial pozzolan. It...

key terms and concepts

Learn how cement paste changes from plastic to solid, what initial and final set mean, and how the Vicat apparatus measures setting time.

Cement Initial and Final Set | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering provides a foundational exploration of essential construction materials in civil engineering, focusing on bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete through easy-to-understand animated videos. This collection covers the properties, manufacturing processes, and practical applications of these materials. Additionally, the accompanied science-in-action videos demonstrate the research experiments performed in laboratories.

civil engineering

Cement Initial and Final Set

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