Name: average and instantaneous change in functions
Uploaded: 2026-06-30T10:40:47.088Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

変化率は、ある量が別の量にどのように変化するかを示しています。例えば、部屋の中の温度は一日を通して変動します。早朝は低くなり、正午には上昇し、夜には再び下がります。この温度変動は数学的関数で表され、温度は時間の関数として表されます。一定期間の平均変化率は、温度変化を時間の変化で割ることで計算されます。数学的には、これはグラフ上の2点をつなぐ割線の傾きと一致します。特定の瞬間に温度がどれほど速く変化しているかを調べるために、瞬時変化率が用いられます。時間区間がゼロに縮まるときの差分商の極限は、その点における接線の傾きである正確な瞬時率を与えます。現実では、化学反応における濃度変化率を計算するために変化率の概念が用いられます。平均変化率は一定期間にわたる濃度の変化を示し、瞬時変化率は特定の瞬間における変化率です。

変化率

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Education

JoVE Core

Calculus

微積分学

Unit

単位

Derivatives

導関数

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

Rates of Change

average and instantaneous change in functions

Rates of change describe how one variable changes in response to another. In math, this idea helps model dynamic systems in physics, biology, economics, and engineering. It also helps students study real-world functions that change over time or across different inputs.

The average rate of change measures the overall change in a function over an interval [x1, x2]. It is found by dividing the change in output by the change in input. On a graph, this value is the slope of the secant line, which connects the points (x1, f(x1)) and (x2, f(x2)). This gives a general trend, but it does not show what happens between the two points.

The instantaneous rate of change shows how a function changes at one exact point. It is defined as the limit of the average rate of change as the interval gets smaller and smaller. When this limit exists, it is the derivative of the function at x, written as f'(x). The derivative is also the slope of the tangent line, which touches the curve at that point.

Derivatives are useful for studying continuous processes. They help describe motion, growth, decay, and optimization problems. Because of this, derivatives are a key part of differential calculus and scientific analysis.

Average and Instantaneous Change in Functions

average-and-instantaneous-change-in-functions

tangent line

Secant Slope to Tangent Line

Differential calculus helps describe how a quantity changes at a specific point. A moving car on a winding road gives a clear example. The car’s path is a continuous curve, and the direction it travels at any instant is shown by the tangent to that curve. A secant line, by contrast, crosses the curve at two points. It shows how the car’s position changes over an interval, so it describes average behavior rather than an instant. The slope of the secant line between two points on a function f(x)...

derivatives

Square Root Derivatives and Tangent Slopes

Derivatives describe instantaneous rate of change, which is a key idea in both mathematics and physics. They are used to show how a moving object changes position over time. A derivative at a point is also the slope of the tangent line to a curve at that point. It tells how much the output of a function changes for a tiny change in input. For the square root function, finding this rate of change starts with the limit of the difference quotient. The algebra is harder here because the numerator...

rates of change

Rates of change describe how one variable changes in response to another. In math, this idea helps model dynamic systems in physics, biology, economics, and engineering. It also helps students study real-world functions that change over time or across different inputs. The average rate of change measures the overall change in a function over an interval [x1, x2]. It is found by dividing the change in output by the change in input. On a graph, this value is the slope of the secant line, which...

the derivative as a function

Graphing the Derivative Function

The derivative function describes how a function changes at each point. It gives the instantaneous rate of change, which is the slope of the tangent line to the graph at a specific x-value. When this idea is applied across the whole domain, it creates a new function that records the rate of change everywhere. For a differentiable function f(x), the derivative function is written as f′(x). It assigns each input x the instantaneous rate at which f(x) is changing. Formally, it comes from the...

higher derivatives

Concavity and Motion with Higher Derivatives

Higher derivatives show how a function changes from one step to the next. In calculus, the first derivative gives the slope of a graph, and the second derivative shows how that slope is changing. These ideas help explain both the shape of a curve and the motion of an object. For the example function f(x) = x^3 - x, the first derivative is f'(x) = 3x^2 - 1. The second derivative is f''(x) = 6x. In this case, the second derivative is a linear function, so the slope changes at a steady rate. <br...

rate of change: problem solving

Brook Trout Growth vs Water Temperature

Brook trout growth changes with water temperature. The data show how trout weight shifts over a 24-day period at several temperatures. At cooler water temperatures, such as 15.5 degrees Celsius, the trout gain a lot of weight. As the temperature rises, the amount of weight gained gets smaller. At the warmest temperature tested, 24.4 degrees Celsius, the trout have a net loss in weight. This pattern suggests that brook trout do better in cooler water. Warmer water may create metabolic stress or...

key terms and concepts

Learn how average and instantaneous rates of change describe function behavior, including secant lines, tangent lines, and derivatives in real-world models.

Average and Instantaneous Change in Functions | JoVE K12

The JoVE Core Calculus collection provides a comprehensive visual guide to the entire calculus sequence, seamlessly connecting mathematical theory to real-world applications in physics and economics. Through dynamic animated lessons, the course transitions smoothly from foundational single-variable concepts to advanced multivariable topics. Students will explore everything from standard differentiation and integration to spatial vectors, multi-dimensional derivatives, and complex vector fields. By breaking down abstract coordinate systems, infinite series, and spatial motion, this structured approach builds the robust analytical skills and advanced mastery essential for STEM success.

calculus

Average and Instantaneous Change in Functions

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