Name: cabbage biomass and cabbage-feeding caterpillars
Uploaded: 2019-01-31T09:26:49.000Z
Duration: 1 min 55 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Environmental Science

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-4

Energy Dynamics

<ul><li><a href="#" data-time="8">양배추 사전 계량
</a></li><li><a href="#" data-time="60">부화 <em>Pieris rapae</em> 알
</a></li></ul>

<ul class="lab-items"><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="뚜껑이 있는 플라스틱 통">뚜껑이 있는 플라스틱 통</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="페트리 접시">페트리 접시</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="접시/보트 계량">접시/보트 무게</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="20">20</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class = "ingredient"data-value = "집게">집게</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="20">20</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="스프레이 병(증류수)">스프레이 병(증류수)</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="스프레이 병(70% 에탄올)">스프레이 병(70% 에탄올)</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="무씨">무</div>씨
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="Pieris rapae (달걀)">Pieris rapae (달걀)</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="랩 크기에 따라 다름">랩 크기에 따라 다름</span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="포팅 믹스 ">포팅 믹스 </div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="랩 크기에 따라 다름">랩 크기에 따라 다름</span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="종이 타월">종이 타월</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="랩 크기에 따라 다름">랩 크기에 따라 다름</span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="저울">저울</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="랩 크기에 따라 다름">랩 크기에 따라 다름</span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="인큐베이터(37°C로 설정)">인큐베이터(37°C로 설정)</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="랩 크기에 따라 다름">랩 크기에 따라 다름</span>
								</div>
							</li></ul>

에너지 역학

<ol class="note-items"><li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse="">양배추 사전 계량
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="1-1"><div class="lab-step">실험 전에 대표적인 양배추의 바이오매스 퍼센트를 얻으려면 종이 타월을 사용하여 식료품점 양배추의 안쪽 잎을 씻고 두드려 말리십시오.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-2"><div class="lab-step">양배추를 저울에 올려 미리 계량된 페트리 접시에 넣어 야채의 젖은 질량을 확인한 다음 양배추와 접시를 37°C 인큐베이터에 48시간 동안 옮깁니다.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item = "1-3"><div class = "lab-step"> 배양이 끝나면 접시에 양배추의 무게를 다시 달아 양배추의 건조 질량을 얻습니다.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-4"><div class="lab-step">그런 다음 양배추의 최종 건조 질량을 양배추의 초기 습윤 질량으로 나누어 대표 양배추의 바이오매스 백분율을 계산합니다. 그런 다음 얻은 값에 100을 곱합니다.
</div></li></ul></li><li data-note-item = "2 "data-parent-collapse = "> 부화 <em>Pieris rapae</em> 알
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="2-1"><div class="lab-step"><em>Pieris rapae</em> 나비 알을 부화시키려면 알을 얻기 일주일 전에 신선한 화분용 흙이 담긴 화분에 무 씨앗을 파종합니다.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item = "2-2"><div class = "lab-step">실험실의 햇볕이 잘 드는 곳에 화분을 놓고 흙이 축축해질 때까지 매일 물을줍니다.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item = "2-3"><div class = "lab-step">알이 도착하면 달걀 스트립을 달걀 쪽이 아래로 향하게하여 다른 무 잎에 놓습니다. 참고: 간접 햇빛이나 실내 조명 아래에서 알은 약 48-72시간 안에 부화합니다.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-4"><div class="lab-step">애벌레가 네 번째 인스타 성장 단계에 도달하면 3일 동안 양배추에 옮기고 건조를 방지하기 위해 때때로 애벌레에 물을 뿌립니다.
</div></li></ul></li></ol>

<div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">영양 수준이란 무엇을 의미합니까?</h4><p>에너지가 소비된 유기체에서 소비자 유기체로 전달될 때 먹이 사슬의 각 상호 작용을 영양 수준(trophic level)이라고 합니다.
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">1차 생산자와 소비자는 무엇입니까?</h4><p>1차 생산자는 유기 물질을 생성하는 독립영양 유기체입니다. 유기물을 만들 수 없는 유기체인 1차 소비자는 1차 생산자를 소비합니다. 그러나 1차 소비자는 2차 소비자인 다른 사람들에게 에너지원이 될 수 있습니다.
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">바이오매스란 무엇입니까?</h4><p>유기체에 저장된 유기 물질을 바이오매스라고 하며 유기체가 함유한 물을 제외합니다.
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 clas...

양배추 사전 계량
확장실험 전에 대표적인 양배추의 바이오매스 비율을 얻으려면 종이 타월을 사용하여 양배추를 씻고 두드려 말리십시오.

Education

교육

JoVE Lab Manual

Biology

생물학

Ecology

생태학

Lab Manual Sub Articles

실험 매뉴얼 하위 항목

cabbage biomass and cabbage-feeding caterpillars

<p class="jove_content">Cabbage biomass and cabbage-feeding caterpillars are prepared for a study of plant mass and insect growth. A grocery store cabbage is used as a representative sample. The inner leaves are washed with a paper towel and patted dry before weighing.</p>

<p class="jove_content">To measure percent biomass, the cabbage is placed in a pre-weighed Petri dish on a balance to record its wet mass. The dish and cabbage are then moved to a 37 °C incubator for 48 hours. After incubation, the cabbage is weighed again in the dish to obtain the dry mass. The percent biomass is found by dividing the final dry mass by the initial wet mass and multiplying by 100.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Pieris rapae eggs are hatched for the next part of the study. One week before the eggs arrive, radish seeds are sown in pots with fresh potting soil. The pots are kept in a sunny spot in the lab, and the soil is watered daily until it is just damp. When the egg strips arrive, they are placed egg-side down on different radish leaves.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Under indirect sunlight or indoor light, the eggs hatch in about 48 to 72 hours. When the caterpillars reach their fourth instar, which is a later larval growth stage, they are transferred onto a cabbage for three days. The caterpillars are misted with water from time to time to help prevent drying.</p>

Cabbage Biomass and Cabbage-Feeding Caterpillars

cabbage-biomass-and-cabbage-feeding-caterpillars

energy dynamics

Caterpillar Biomass Transfer Lab

Caterpillar biomass transfer is measured by comparing cabbage, caterpillars, and frass in a simple trophic system. In this lab, two groups of five caterpillars are kept in separate containers, and one group receives cabbage while the other group does not. The setup shows how much matter and energy move from food into animal biomass.<br /><br />First, enough cabbage leaves are weighed to cover the bottom of a plastic tub. Then, two batches of five caterpillars are collected from their cabbage habitat and...

Cabbage biomass and cabbage-feeding caterpillars are prepared for a study of plant mass and insect growth. A grocery store cabbage is used as a representative sample. The inner leaves are washed with a paper towel and patted dry before weighing.<br /><br />To measure percent biomass, the cabbage is placed in a pre-weighed Petri dish on a balance to record its wet mass. The dish and cabbage are then moved to a 37 °C incubator for 48 hours. After incubation, the cabbage is weighed again in the dish to...

lab manual sub articles

Measure cabbage biomass by wet and dry mass, then hatch Pieris rapae eggs and raise caterpillars on radish and cabbage in a simple lab setup.

Cabbage Biomass and Cabbage-Feeding Caterpillars | JoVE K12

HS-LS2-6

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS2-4.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

SEC4.

SEC4.c

SB5.b

<p>열역학의 제1법칙, 즉 에너지는 생성되거나 파괴될 수 없고 변형될 수만 있다는 것은 고전적인 먹이 그물 내에서 입증될 수 있습니다. 여기에서 태양의 빛 에너지는 먼저 식물에 의해 복사 에너지로 활용된 다음 복합 탄수화물로 저장된 화학 에너지로 변환됩니다. 일부 식물은 결국 동물에 의해 소비됩니다. 당을 분해하는 과정에서 에너지는 열로 방출되거나, 나중에 사용하기 위한 화학 에너지 비축량으로 거대분자에 저장되거나, 포식자에게 전달됩니다. 먹이 사슬의 이러한 각 단계를 영양 수준이라고 합니다. 식물은 생산자입니다. 다람쥐가 1차 소비자가 될 것이고, 육식성 여우가 2차 소비자가 될 것이다. 영양 수준에서 다음 단계로 이동하는 유기물을 바이오매스라고 하며, 일반적으로 에너지 단위, 칼로리 또는 킬로 칼로리로 측정됩니다.</p>
<p>그러나 바이오매스의 이동은 선형이 아닙니다. 1차 생산자가 태양으로부터 에너지를 받아 음식을 만든 후, 세포 호흡으로 인해 소량이 사용할 수 없는 열 에너지로 변환되어 이산화탄소와 함께 환경으로 방출됩니다. 활용된 총 광 에너지를 총 1차 생산성 또는 GPP라고 합니다. GPP에서 호흡으로 손실된 에너지를 빼면 결과는 바이오매스가 저장되는 에너지 비율인 순 1차 생산성 또는 NPP입니다. 마찬가지로, 1차 소비자는 식물에서 화학 에너지를 수확하는 동시에 신진대사 중에 이산화탄소와 함께 소량의 열 에너지를 방출합니다. 그리고 소비된 바이오매스의 일부만 조직으로 복원됩니다. 마지막으로, 포식자 수준에서는 태양으로부터 이용되는 원래 에너지의 일부만 사용할 수 있습니다. 따라서, 생산자로부터 1차 소비자에게 전달되는 바이오매스는 생산자로부터 2차 소비자에게 전달되는 바이오매스와 동일하지 않다. 먹이 사슬의 각 단계에서 이러한 바이오매스의 변화는 특정 생태계 전체의 생산성에 대해 알려줍니다.</p>
<p>이 실험실에서는 생산자인 양배추에서 1차 소비자인 양배추 벌레로의 바이오매스와 에너지 전달을 측정하여 에너지 역학 및 생산성의 이러한 원리를 조사합니다.</p>

food chain energy flow and biomass

<p class="jove_content">Food chain energy flow shows how energy moves through ecosystems from one organism to the next. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, so it can only change form or be passed along to another organism. When a cow grazes on grass or an osprey eats fish, energy moves to the consumer. Each transfer is part of a trophic level, and these links help explain how ecosystems stay balanced.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Primary producers sit at the base of the food chain. They are autotrophs, or self-feeding organisms, because they make organic molecules from inorganic material. Examples include photosynthetic plants and chemosynthetic bacteria. These organisms capture energy from sunlight or from gases at hydrothermal vents, then store that energy in organic molecules. Consumers are heterotrophs, which means they cannot make their own organic material and must get it from other organisms.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The food chain continues with primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers. Primary consumers get energy from autotrophs. Secondary consumers feed on primary consumers, and tertiary consumers feed on secondary consumers. The amount of energy captured by primary producers sets the size of the community, because all later trophic levels depend on that stored energy.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Organic material stored in an organism is called biomass, and water is not included when biomass is measured. To find biomass, the water weight is subtracted from the total weight of the organism. Only a fraction of biomass usually moves to the next trophic level. As a result, the biomass pattern in a food chain forms a pyramid, with the largest amount at the bottom and less at the top. This loss happens because much of the energy is released as metabolic heat.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Respiration helps explain why less biomass reaches higher trophic levels. Respiration is an exothermic reaction that breaks down nutrients to capture energy in adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. ATP powers cell work, including the synthesis and transfer of structures and proteins. At the same time, respiration produces waste products and heat. Because of this, upper-level organisms end up with less biomass than the organisms they eat.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Ecosystem productivity is linked to changes in biomass. Productivity is the rate at which organisms gain biomass from received energy. Primary productivity refers to producers, while secondary productivity refers to other organisms. Gross primary productivity is the rate of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Net primary productivity is the energy stored as biomass after energy lost through metabolism and daily activity is removed. This helps show how different organisms allocate the biomass resources they receive.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Energy flow also helps explain human impacts on ecosystems. If primary producers are removed, consumers that depend on them must find another food source. If they cannot, secondary extinctions can follow. This matters because human-induced changes are already causing major shifts in ecosystems around the world, and understanding energy dynamics can help reduce harm and protect threatened food chains.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Human health can also be affected by energy flow through bioaccumulation and biomagnification of mercury in aquatic food chains. Bioaccumulation begins when organisms at the bottom of the food chain absorb mercury. Biomagnification happens when mercury moves to consumers and its concentration increases at each trophic level. Large fish higher in the food chain may then contain high mercury levels, which is why health professionals advise limiting consumption of certain fish species.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Not all ecosystem problems come from losing producers. Removing a keystone predator can also unbalance a system. In one experiment, ochre sea stars were removed from a rock, and the mussels they ate increased too much. That overgrowth used up resources and free space. The sea stars normally kept the mussel population in check and helped diversity thrive, showing how energy stored as biomass can shape the balance of an ecosystem.</p>

Food Chain Energy Flow and Biomass

먹이 사슬
에너지는 생태계에서 가장 중요한 비생물적 요인 중 하나이며 생태계의 유기체는 에너지의 흐름으로 연결되어 있습니다.

JoVE Lab Manual의 이 Biology 평가 퀴즈로 에너지 역학에 대한 이해를 테스트하세요. 학생 학습을 평가하도록 고안된 동영상 기반 질문을 통해 주요 개념을 다룹니다.

Biology의 에너지 역학 - 평가 퀴즈 | JoVE Lab Manual

5분 길이의 학생 프로토콜 영상을 통해 에너지 역학 절차를 단계별로 따라 해보세요. JoVE Lab Manual의 Biology 컬렉션의 일부입니다.

Biology의 에너지 역학 학생 프로토콜 - 2.4K+ 조회수 | JoVE Lab Manual

What are Populations and Communities?

Populations are groups of individuals of the same species that inhabit a shared environment. Communities include multiple co-existing, interacting ...

Population Growth

Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with ...

Population Models
An ecological population is a group of individuals of a single species living in an area at the same time. To persist, a population must ...

Preparation for the Population Growth Computer Simulation
ExpandFor this exercise, ensure that spreadsheet software is installed on student computers ...

Exponential Population Growth Model
ExpandNOTE: In these experiments you will use computer software to simulate different types of growth models. ...

Community Diversity

Populations do not live in isolation; thus, every population interacts with others in certain ways. These interactions give rise to a network of ...

Setting up for the Lab and Choosing Field Sites
ExpandBefore the experiment, first ensure that the student computers have Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets ...

Measuring Biodiversity in Areas with Different Disturbance Regimes
ExpandNOTE: In this experiment, you will compare the biodiversity in a less disturbed ...

What is Biodiversity?

Biodiversity describes the variety of living things at multiple organizational levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Species diversity ...

Threats to Biodiversity

There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species ...

Biodiversity and Human Values

Human civilization relies on biodiversity in many ways. Sudden changes in species biodiversity result in environmental changes that can modify weather ...

What is Conservation Biology?

Conservation biology is a scientific field that focuses on the preservation of biodiversity in order to protect ecosystems while meeting the needs of the ...

Conservation of Declining Populations

Conservation of declining population focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and halting a population decline. The approach uses methods to prevent ...

Habitat Fragmentation

Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land ...

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens ...

Ecosystems have carrying capacities, which are limits to the numbers of organisms and populations they can support.

HS-LS2-1

Life Histories

Constrained by limited energy and resources, organisms must compromise between offspring quantity and parental investment. This trade-off is represented ...

Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of ...

What is Photosynthesis?

All living organisms on Earth are directly or indirectly dependent on photosynthesis. It is the only biological process that can capture energy from ...

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They ...

Photosystems

Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in ...

The Photochemical Reaction Center

Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center ...

The Antenna Complex

Plants and other photosynthetic organisms comprise pigments capable of absorption of direct sunlight. These pigments are present in the reaction center - ...

the-z-scheme-of-electron-transport-in-photosynthesis

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of ...

The Calvin Benson Cycle

Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, ...

Introduction to Cellular Respiration

Organisms harvest energy from food, but this energy cannot be directly used by cells. Cells convert the energy stored in nutrients into a more usable ...

What is Glycolysis?

Overview
Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts &#34;food energy&#34; (from the ...

Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis

Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis ...

Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis

Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces ...

Outcomes of Glycolysis

Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler ...

Pyruvate Oxidation

After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria via active transport and undergo three enzymatic reactions. These reactions ensure ...

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview

In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, ...

The Citric Acid Cycle: Output

The citric acid cycle is termed an amphibolic pathway as it operates both anabolically and catabolically. The cyclic reactions balance the flux of the ...

electron-transport-chain-complex-i-and-ii

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce ...

electron-transport-chain-complex-iii-and-iv

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then ...

The Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is ...

The Food Chain
Energy is one of the most important abiotic factors in an ecosystem and organisms in an ecosystem are connected by the flow of energy and ...

the-supercomplexes-in-the-crista-membrane

The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through ...

Cabbage Pre-Weighing
ExpandTo obtain the percent biomass of a representative cabbage before the experiment, use a paper towel to wash and pat dry the ...

ATP Synthase: Structure

ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in ...

Caterpillar Energy Dynamics
ExpandNOTE: In this lab you will grow caterpillars in conditions with and without food to examine the transfer of biomass in a ...

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear ...

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein

ADP/ATP carrier or AAC protein is the most abundant carrier protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transports large quantities of ADP and ATP, ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

What is an Ecosystem?

Overview

An ecosystem is the interaction between all abiotic and biotic factors in an environment and can be classified as terrestrial or aquatic. ...

Photosynthesis

Autotrophs

Almost all living organisms on Earth depend on photosynthesis, which is the process that converts sunlight energy into a simple sugar called ...

Trophic Levels

All organisms in an ecosystem occupy a trophic level in the food chain. The lowest level consists of primary producers, which synthesize their food from ...

Plant Pigment Chromatography and Floating Leaf Discs in a Vacuum
ExpandOn the day before the experiment, fill a container with water.
Place the spinach ...

Primary Production

The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use ...

Plant Pigment Chromatography
ExpandNOTE: In this experiment you will separate pigments from spinach leaves using chromatography paper. Individual pigments ...

Production Efficiency

Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates ...

Cellular Respiration

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Living organisms require a continuous input of energy to maintain cellular and organismal functions such as growth, repair, ...

Trophic Efficiency

Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as ...

Quantifying Respiration using Microrespirometers
ExpandTo assemble the microrespirometers needed for the lab, first plug in the hot glue gun to preheat ...

Quantifying Respiration using Microrespirometers
ExpandNOTE: In this experiment, you will measure the rate of cellular respiration for germinating seeds ...

Photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, aerobic and anaerobic respiration and cellular respiration (including anaerobic processes) provide most of the energy for life processes.

Species Distribution and Biogeography

Species Distribution

Biogeography is the study of species distribution across geographic space and the processes that shape these distributions. This ...

Simulating Colonization and Extinction on Islands
ExpandFind a table or desk with a cleared space of at least two meters in front of it in one direction. ...

Simulating Colonization and Extinction on Islands
ExpandForm groups of three. One member of the group will simulate colonization by throwing balls into ...

The dynamic interactions within an ecosystem can keep its numbers and types of organisms relatively constant over long periods of time under stable conditions.

Measuring Biodiversity

Diverse ecosystems are important for the health of the planet and our survival as humans; it is therefore incredibly important for us to understand and ...

Quadrats and Transects Preparation
ExpandStart by tying a knot at the beginning, end and every 5 feet of six 20-foot pieces of rope.
Then, identify three ...

Quadrats and Transects
ExpandIn this activity, you will be using quadrats along transect lines to take biodiversity measurements of the plant species in ...

Ecological Disturbance

An ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in the environment resulting from abiotic, biotic, or anthropogenic factors, causing a pronounced ...

jenatron-an-experimental-approach-to-study-effects-plant-history-soil

JenaTron - An Experimental Approach to Study the Effects of Plant History and Soil History on Grassland Ecosystem Functioning

The global loss of biodiversity has motivated many studies that experimentally vary plant species richness and examine the consequences for ecosystem ...

Understanding Species and Reproductive Barriers

A species is a group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Typically, individuals of the same species appear similar and share ...

Formation of Species

Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the ...

Speciation Rates

Speciation can proceed at markedly different rates, and evolutionary biologists commonly describe these differences through the models of gradualism and ...

Genetics of Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species&#x2014;groups of reproductively isolated populations.The ...

Hybrid Zones

Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may ...

Extinction

The History of Life on Earth
Fossils of organisms that were different from anything alive today had been documented as early as the 17th century, but it ...

Diversity and Extinction during the Paleogene Epoch
ExpandFirst, familiarize yourself with the extinction reading supplement for the background on what ...

Diversity and Extinction during the Paleogene Epoch
ExpandBegin this procedure by reading the extinction reading supplement that has been printed out for ...

Ecosystems with a greater biodiversity tend to have a greater resistance and resilience to change.

HS-LS2-7

Cabbage Biomass and Cabbage-Feeding Caterpillars

Learning Objectives

영양 수준이란 무엇을 의미합니까?

1차 생산자와 소비자는 무엇입니까?

Lab Prep

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