Name: carbon fixation in photosynthesis
Uploaded: 2025-08-11T09:30:18.000Z
Duration: 1 min 40 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Earth and Space Science

Earth's Systems

3.3.9-12.L

The Calvin Cycle

- [나레이터] 독립 영양 식물에서캘빈 회로의 개시는 대기의 이산화탄소가궁극적으로 엽록체의 자좌로 확산될 때 일어납니다여기서는, 이산화탄소의 탄소 원자 하나가5 탄소 수용체 당 분자에 첨가되거나 고정되는데이는 리불로오스 인산염, 또는 RuBP이며효소에 의해 촉매된 반응으로 일어나며이는 리불로오스1-5-인산염-카르복실라아제- 옥시게나아제또는 줄여서 RuBisCo입니다생성된 6 개의 탄소 분자는 매우 불안정하며2 개, 3 개의 탄소 분자로 나누어지는데3- 포스포글리세린산인 3-PGA이며이와 함께 에너지를 공급하는 ATP와 NADPH가각 수소에 첨부된 채로, 3-PGA 사슬은다른 3 개의 탄소 중간체로 전환되어글리세르알데히드 -3- 인산염이 됩니다그다음, 하나의 G3P가 회로를 벗어나고 다른 대상이탄소 원자 6 개로 포도당을 생성할 때를 기다립니다나머지 G3P는 네 번 더 기다려야 하며탄소가 축적되고 ATP가 더 많은 에너지를 제공하고RuBP 수용체를 재생시키게 됩니다전반적으로, 캘빈 회로의 6회 순환은대기로부터 6 개의 이산화탄소를 고정시키며에너지를 활용하고 18 ATP의 힘과마찬가지로 NADPH도 각각 줄여서포도당 1 분자를 생성하고 RuBP 재구축하여순환을 이어가게 됩니다

Michelet, Laure, Mirko Zaffagnini, Samuel Morisse, Francesca Sparla, María Esther Pérez-Pérez, Francesco Francia, Antoine Danon, et al. "캘빈-벤슨 회로의 산화 환원 조절: 오래된 것, 새로운 것." 식물 과학의 프론티어 4 (2013). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00470" target="__blank">소스</a>]

Sharkey, Thomas D. 및 Sean E. Weise. "Calvin-Benson Cycle 주변의 포도당 6-인산 션트." Journal of Experimental Botany 67, no. 14 (2016년 7월 1일): 4067–77. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv484" target="__blank">소스</a>]

캘빈회로

<h4>개요</h4>
 
 산소성 광합성(oxygenic photosynthesis)은 연간 약 2,000억 톤의 이산화탄소(CO2)를 유기 화합물로 전환하고 약 1,400억 톤의 대기 산소(O2)를 생산합니다. 따라서 광합성은 인간의 모든 음식 요구와 산소 요구의 기본이 됩니다.
 
 광합성 과정은 식물 엽록체(chloroplast)의 서로 다른 영역에서 일어나는 두 가지 반응으로 다음과 같이 나눌 수 있습니다: 빛 의존성 반응(light-dependent reaction) 또는 빛 비의존성 반응(light-independent reaction). 빛 의존성 반응은 엽록체의 틸라코이드(thylakoid) 막에서 일어납니다. 틸라코이드 막에서 빛 에너지는 아데노신삼인산(ATP)과 NADPH로 저장된 화학 에너지로 변환합니다. 이 에너지는 엽록체의 스트로마(stroma) 영역에서 캘빈-벤슨회로(Calvin-Benson cycle)의 빛 비의존성 반응을 통해 대기 중 이산화탄소를 복합 탄수화물로 환원(reduction)하기 위해 사용됩니다.
 
 <h4>캘빈-벤슨회로</h4>
 
 캘빈-벤슨회로는 빛에 의존하지 않는 일련의 광합성 반응을 뜻합니다. 이런 빛 비의존성 반응은 대기 중 CO2를 복합 탄수화물로 변환하기 위해 빛 의존성 반응 중 생성된 ATP와 NADPH를 사용합니다. 한편 캘빈-벤슨회로는 빛 의존성 반응을 위해 아데노신이인산(ADP)과 NADP+</sup를 재생성합니다.
 
 캘빈-벤슨회로가 시작될 때 대기 중 CO2는 기공(stomata)이라고 불리는 구멍을 통해 잎으로 들어갑니다. 엽록체의 스트로마 영역에서는 리불로오스이인산카복실화효소-산소화효소(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase)라는 이름을 줄여서 루비스코(RuBisCO)라 부르는 효소가 CO2에서 가져온 탄소 원자 1개를 5탄소 수용체 당 분자 리불로오스-1,5-이인산(ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate, 줄여서 RuBP)에 추가합니다. 여기서 생긴 6탄소 분자는 매우 불안정해서 2개의 3-인글리세르산(3-phosphoglyceric acid, 줄여서 3-PGA)으로 분해됩니다. 3-인글리세르산인산화효소(3-phosphoglycerate kinase)는 ATP를 사용해 3-PGA 분자를 인산화하여 1,3-이인글리세르산(1,3-bisphosphoglycerate)을 형성합니다. 이어서 글리세르알데하이드-3-인산탈수소효소(glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; 글리세르알데히드-3-인산탈수소효소)는 NADPH를 사용하여 1,3-이인글리세르산을 환원해 3탄소 당인 글리세르알데하이드-3-인산(글리세르알데하이드-3-인산(glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, 줄여서 G3P; 글리세르알데히드-3-인산)을 형성합니다. G3P는 캘빈-벤슨회로의 최종 생성물로, 이 회로에 C3 탄소 고정(C3 carbon fixation)이란 별칭을 안겨주었습니다.
 
 6개의 CO2 분자를 고정하기 위해 캘빈-벤슨회로는 12개의 NADPH 분자와 18개의 ATP 분자를 환원합니다. 이러한 에너지원은 광합성의 빛 의존성 반응에 의해 보충됩니다. 6개의 CO2는 6개의 5탄소 분자(RuBP)에 부착해 12개의 3탄소 분자(G3P)로 분해됩니다. 이 G3P 분자 중 10개는 RuBP 수용체 6개를 재생해 회로가 계속 돌아갈 수 있게 만듭니다. G3P의 2개는 포도당 1개로 변환됩니다. G3P는 또한 다른 탄수화물, 아미노산, 지질을 합성하는데 사용될 수 있습니다.

개요

산소 광합성은 연간 약 2,000 억 톤의 이산화탄소 (CO2)를 유기 화합물로 전환하고 약 ...

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Photosynthesis

광합성

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

carbon fixation in photosynthesis

Photosynthesis uses light energy to turn carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. It also releases oxygen as a by-product. These products help support most food webs and make aerobic life possible.

Photosynthesis has two main stages, and they happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy there and helps split water molecules. This releases O2 and makes ATP and NADPH.

The light-independent reactions happen in the stroma, where the Calvin-Benson cycle operates. This cycle uses ATP and NADPH to reduce atmospheric CO2 into carbohydrates. After they are used, ADP and NADP+ return to the thylakoids so the light reactions can recycle them.

The Calvin-Benson cycle has three phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the CO2 acceptor, RuBP. CO2 enters the leaf through stomata. In the stroma, the enzyme RuBisCO attaches each CO2 molecule to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, or RuBP. This forms an unstable six-carbon intermediate that quickly splits into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate, or 3-PGA.

During reduction, each 3-PGA molecule is phosphorylated by ATP to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. NADPH then reduces it to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, a three-carbon sugar. For every six CO2 molecules fixed, two G3P molecules leave the cycle. These molecules help form glucose and other organic compounds.

In the final regeneration phase, the remaining G3P molecules are rearranged to rebuild RuBP. This step uses additional ATP. Regenerating RuBP lets the cycle continue fixing CO2.

Carbon Fixation in Photosynthesis

what is photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis in Chloroplasts and Leaves

Photosynthesis happens in plants and in some bacteria. It is the process that captures carbon dioxide and solar energy to make glucose. Glucose stores chemical energy as carbohydrates. The overall biochemical equation is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2. Photosynthesis also releases oxygen into the atmosphere and helps maintain Earth’s atmospheric oxygen content. Photosynthetic reactions take place in chloroplasts, which are specialized membrane-enclosed parts of the plant cell.

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How Plant Pigments Capture Light

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anatomy of chloroplasts

Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis in Plant Cells

Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place in green algae and plants. They are also found in green stems and unripe fruit. In plants, mesophyll cells in the leaf contain the highest density of chloroplasts. Each chloroplast has a double membrane. The outer membrane faces the plant cell cytoplasm on one side and the chloroplast intermembrane space on the other. The inner membrane separates that narrow space from the stroma, which is the watery interior of the chloroplast.

photosystem ii

Photosystem II and Water Splitting

Photosystem II is a multi-protein complex that captures light energy and begins the flow of electrons in photosynthesis. It uses bound pigments to harvest photons and send that energy to its reaction center. From there, the energy continues through the electron transport chain and on to photosystem I. The pigments in photosystem II include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids. They are arranged in two parts of the photosystem: the antenna complex and the reaction center. The antenna...

photosystem i

Photosystem I and NADPH Formation

Photosystem I helps convert light energy into NADPH during photosynthesis. It works with photosystem II in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, but it uses a different electron supplier and a different electron acceptor. Electrons excited in photosystem II move to photosystem I through an electron transport chain. That chain includes plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As the electrons travel between the two photosystems, they lose energy and must be...

the calvin cycle

Photosynthesis uses light energy to turn carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. It also releases oxygen as a by-product. These products help support most food webs and make aerobic life possible. Photosynthesis has two main stages, and they happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy there and helps split water molecules. This releases O2 and makes ATP and NADPH. The light-independent reactions...

c4 pathway and cam

Plant Carbon Fixation in Hot Climates

Plant carbon fixation in hot climates can follow the C4 pathway or the CAM pathway. These alternative pathways help some plants reduce energy loss from photorespiration. Photorespiration happens when oxygen levels are high and rubisco, the enzyme in the Calvin cycle, binds O2 instead of CO2. When that happens, photosynthesis slows and energy is used up. The C4 pathway is used by plants such as corn and sugarcane. In mesophyll cells, CO2 first joins with PEP, or phosphoenolpyruvate, through the...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the Calvin-Benson cycle fixes carbon dioxide into sugars, using ATP and NADPH in the chloroplast stroma during photosynthesis.

Carbon Fixation in Photosynthesis | JoVE K12

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3.3.9-12.N

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The Soil Ecosystem

Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can construct an argument based on evidence about the simultaneous coevolution of Earth's systems and life on Earth. [cite: 59] Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the dynamic causes, effects, and feedbacks between the biosphere and Earth's other systems, whereby geoscience factors control the evolution of life, which in turn continuously alters Earth's surface. [cite: 60] Examples include how photosynthetic life altered the atmosphere through the production of oxygen, which in turn increased weathering rates and allowed for the evolution of animal life; [cite: 61] how microbial life on land increased the formation of soil, which in turn allowed for the evolution of land plants; [cite: 62] or how the evolution of corals created reefs that altered patterns of erosion and deposition along coastlines and provided habitats for the evolution of new life forms. [cite: 63] Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of how the biosphere interacts with all of Earth's other systems. [cite: 64]

Carbon Fixation in Photosynthesis

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