Name: plant carbon fixation in hot climates
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:13.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Environmental Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-6

C4 Pathway and CAM

- [나레이터] 옥수수와 같은 일부 식물은탄소 고정의 대안적 수단에 적응하여고온 건조 환경에서 더 많은 효율성을 추구합니다한 가지 방법은 C4 경로입니다첫 번째 탄소 고정 단계에서이산화탄소인 CO2는 중온 세포에 진입하여PEP 카르복시화효소를 통해3 개의 탄소 화합물 PEP와 결합하여4 개의 탄소 화합물인 옥살아세트산염를 형성되며이어서 다른 유기산으로 전환되는데이 경우에는 말산염입니다말산염은 다발 외피 세포로 옮겨지는데산소가 부족한 잎의 깊숙한 곳에서분해되되 CO2를 방출합니다그런 다음 캘빈주기가 진행되고루비스코와 상호 작용을 통해 결국 당을 생산합니다파인애플과 같은 기타 식물은크레슐산 대사를 이용하거나또는 CAM 경로를 통해 탄소를 고정시킵니다CAM 식물은 밤에만 기공을 열어낮 동안의 수분 손실을 막습니다C4 경로와 유사하게, 먼저CO2는 PEP 카르복실라아제에 의해 옥살아세트산염에 고정되고그 후, 말산염으로 변환됩니다말산염을 잎의 다른 부분으로 옮기는 대신CAM 식물은 중온 세포의 액포에 이 화합물을 저장하고낮에는 방출하여캘빈주기의 진행이광합성에서의 가벼운 반응과 함께 진행되게 합니다

<ol>
	<li>Edwards, E.J. 진화 궤적, 접근성 및 기타 은유 : C4 및 CAM 광합성의 경우. 새로운 식물학자. 223 (4), 1742-1755 (2019).</li>
</ol>

c4 경로 및 cam

<h4>개요</h4>
 
 사탕수수나 옥수수와 같이 뜨거운 환경에서 자라는 몇몇 식물들은 탄소를 고정하기 위해 C4 경로(C4 pathway)라고 불리는 대체 과정을 이용합니다. 이 회로는 대기 중 CO2가 엽육세포(mesophyll cell)로 들어가서 포스포에놀피루브산(phosphoenolpyruvate, 줄여서 PEP)에서 옥살로아세트산(oxaloacetate; 4탄소 분자)를 생성하는 데 사용됩니다. 그런 다음 옥살로아세트산은 말산(malate; 사과산)으로 변환되고 산소 농도가 낮은 유관속초세포(bundle sheath cell)로 수송됩니다. 그곳에서 CO2는 말산에서 방출되어 당으로 변환되는 캘빈회로(Calvin cycle)로 들어갑니다. 한편 CAM 경로(CAM pathway)는 낮 동안 물을 보존해야 하는 선인장과 같은 식물에서 실행됩니다. CAM 식물은 밤에 CO2를 잎에 넣고 말산을 생성해 다음 날까지 액포(vacuole)에 저장합니다. 그런 다음 말산은 액포에서 방출되어 캘빈회로에서 처리됩니다. C4 경로는 서로 다른 과정을 국소적으로 구분하고, CAM 경로는 이를 시간순으로 구분합니다.
 
 <h4>C4 경로</h4>
 
 옥수수와 사탕수수 같은 몇몇 식물들은 뜨겁고 건조한 환경에서 물 손실을 피하도록 탄소를 고정하는 대안적인 방법을 진화 시켜 왔습니다. 그러한 방법 중 하나는 C4 경로입니다. 첫 번째 단계에서는 CO2는 엽육세포로 들어가고, 포스포에놀피루브산카복실화효소(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, 줄여서 PEP carboxylase)는 3탄소 화합물 PEP에 CO2를 첨가하여 4탄소 화합물 옥살로아세트산을 형성합니다. 옥살로아세트산은 말산이라는 유기산(organic acid)으로 변환됩니다.
 
 이어서 말산은 산소 농도가 낮은 잎 깊숙한 곳의 유관속초세포로 운반됩니다. 그리고 말산은 분해되어 CO2 분자를 방출하고, CO2는 캘빈회로에 들어가 루비스코(RuBisCO) 효소에 의해 당으로 변환됩니다. 식물은 고온 건조한 환경에서 물을 절약하기 위해 기공(stomata)을 닫기 때문에 C4 경로가 식물에 이점을 제공하게 되는데, 이는 기공이 닫혀 산소 농도가 낮게 유지되어 O2보다는 CO2와 루비스코의 결합을 선호하게 되기 때문입니다. 산소 농도가 높을 때 루비스코는 광호흡(photorespiration)이라 불리는 과정을 통해 CO2대신 O2에 결합하며, 식물은 광합성을 멈추고 에너지를 소비하게 됩니다.
 
 <h4>CAM 경로</h4>
 
 선인장과 파인애플 같은 식물은 탄소를 고정하기 위해 크래슐산 대사 경로(crassulacean acid metabolism pathway, 줄여서 CAM pathway, CAM 경로)를 사용합니다. CAM 식물은 더운 낮 동안 수분 손실을 방지하기 위해 주로 밤에 기공을 엽니다. 밤에 CO2가 엽육 세포로 들어가서 PEP와 결합하여 옥살로아세트산을 형성하고, 이어서 말산을 형성합니다. 그런 다음, 말산은 다음 날 액포에서 방출되어 캘빈회로로 들어갈 때까지 액포에 저장됩니다. 광합성의 첫 단계는 빛 의존성이기 때문에 낮에 일어나고, 두 번째 단계인 캘빈회로의 반응은 빛 비의존성이기 때문에 밤에 일어납니다. 이런 방식으로 CAM 식물은 하루 중 다른 시간을 사용하여 CO2 고정과 당 합성을 구분합니다.

C4 경로 및 CAM

대부분의 식물은 탄소 고정을 위해 C3 경로를 사용합니다. 그러나 더운 조건에서 자라는 사탕 수수, 옥수수 및 선인장과 같은 일부 식물은 대안을 사용합니다.

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주요 용어 및 개념

plant carbon fixation in hot climates

Plant carbon fixation in hot climates can follow the C4 pathway or the CAM pathway. These alternative pathways help some plants reduce energy loss from photorespiration. Photorespiration happens when oxygen levels are high and rubisco, the enzyme in the Calvin cycle, binds O2 instead of CO2. When that happens, photosynthesis slows and energy is used up.

The C4 pathway is used by plants such as corn and sugarcane. In mesophyll cells, CO2 first joins with PEP, or phosphoenolpyruvate, through the action of PEP carboxylase. This forms the 4-carbon compound oxaloacetate, which is then changed into organic acids, mostly malate.

Malate moves into the bundle sheath cells deep in the leaf, where oxygen levels are low. There, malate is broken down and releases CO2. That CO2 enters the Calvin cycle and is turned into sugar with the help of RuBisCo. In hot, dry conditions, this separation of carbon fixing and sugar production helps the plant close its stomata and save water while keeping oxygen low.

Other plants, such as cacti and pineapple, use the CAM pathway, or crassulacean acid metabolism. CAM plants open their stomata at night to limit water loss during the day. CO2 enters the mesophyll cells at night and combines with PEP to form oxaloacetate and then malate.

The malate is stored in vacuoles until the next day. During the day, it is released so the Calvin cycle can begin. In CAM plants, carbon fixation happens at night, while sugar synthesis follows during the day with energy from the light-dependent reactions. This time-based separation helps these plants survive hot, dry environments.

Plant Carbon Fixation in Hot Climates

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Photosynthesis uses light energy to turn carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. It also releases oxygen as a by-product. These products help support most food webs and make aerobic life possible. Photosynthesis has two main stages, and they happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy there and helps split water molecules. This releases O2 and makes ATP and NADPH. The light-independent reactions...

c4 pathway and cam

Plant carbon fixation in hot climates can follow the C4 pathway or the CAM pathway. These alternative pathways help some plants reduce energy loss from photorespiration. Photorespiration happens when oxygen levels are high and rubisco, the enzyme in the Calvin cycle, binds O2 instead of CO2. When that happens, photosynthesis slows and energy is used up. The C4 pathway is used by plants such as corn and sugarcane. In mesophyll cells, CO2 first joins with PEP, or phosphoenolpyruvate, through the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how C4 and CAM pathways help plants like corn, sugarcane, cacti, and pineapple reduce photorespiration and save water in hot climates.

Plant Carbon Fixation in Hot Climates | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core 시리즈는 생물학의 주요 개념을 설명하는 300개가 넘는 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션 비디오 강의와 오늘날 실험실에서 수행된 실제 연구 실험을 보여주는 150개가 넘는 과학자 활동 비디오를 통해 생물학에 활기를 불어 넣습니다.

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Plant Carbon Fixation in Hot Climates

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