Name: reprogramming mature cells into stem cells
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 13 s
Channel: JoVE

유도다능성 줄기세포(iPCS)는성숙하고 분화된 세포이다이를테면 피부 세포를 실험실에서 재프로그램하여미분화된 배아 줄기세포와 비슷하게 만드는 것이다즉, 세포가 분열하고 다능성이 되어서모든 형태의 세포를 생성할 수 있는 것이다이를테면, 망막 세포를 이용하여 손상된망막 조직을 대체하는 것처럼iPSC를 만들려면, 피부 섬유모세포 같이 성숙한세포를 환자에서 떼어내서 배양시킨다그리고 보통은 전사 인자 유전자를바이러스 벡터로 세포핵에 전달하는데거기에서 유전체에 통합된다그다음 전사 인자는 배아 줄기세포에 의하여표출되는 유전인자를 켜서효과적으로 탈분화 시키고다능성 상태로 되돌려 놓는다이제는 세포가 분열하고, 이상적으로는 배양액에서구체적인 세포 유형을 만들도록 지시할 수 있다새로운 세포는 그 다음에 환자에게 다시이식을 해서 손상이나 질병을 치료하는데거부 위험이 거의 없는 이유는그 세포가 환자 자신의 세포에서 나온 것이기 때문이다

하마자키, 다카시, 니할 엘 루비, 나탈리 C. 프레데트, 캐서린 E. 산토스테파노, 테라다 나오히로."간결한 검토: 정밀 의학 시대의 유도 만능 줄기 세포 연구." Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio) 35, no. 3 (March 2017): 545–50. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.2570" target="__blank">소스</a>].

유도 만능줄기 세포

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

줄기세포(stem cell)는 분열하여 다양한 종류의 세포를 생성하는 미분화 세포입니다. 일반적으로 특정 세포 유형으로 분화한 세포는 더 분열하지 않습니다(post-mitotic). 그러나 과학자들은 이 성숙 세포를 재프로그램하여 “탈분화”하고 특수화되지 않은 증식 상태로 돌리는 방법을 발견했습니다. 이 세포들은 또한 배아 줄기세포(embryonic stem cell)와 같이 만능(pluripotent)이며, 모든 세포 유형을 생산할 수 있어서 유도 만능줄기세포(induced pluripotent stem cell, 줄여서 iPSC)라고 부릅니다.
 
 iPSC 세포는 특정 세포 유형이 필요한 환자(예를 들어, 황반​​변성(macular degeneration)으로 망막이 손상된 사람)가 신체의 다른 세포 유형에서 생성된 필요 세포를 이식을 받을 수 있기 때문에 의학에서 활용될 잠재적인 가치가 있습니다. 이것을 자가이식(autologous transplantation)이라고 하는데, 개인 간에 조직이 이식될 때 발생할 수 있는 이식 거부반응의 위험을 줄여줍니다.
 
 <h4>과정</h4>
 
 iPSC를 만들기 위해 피부 섬유아세포(fibroblast)나 사람의 혈액 세포와 같은 성숙한 세포를 배양해 증식시킵니다. 이어서 바이러스 벡터(vector)를 사용해 여러 전사 인자(transcription factor) 유전자가 세포로 전달되고, 전사 인자 단백질은 세포의 내부 체계를 사용하여 발현됩니다. 전사 인자는 배아 줄기세포에서 발현되는 여러 유전자의 발현을 켜서 세포들을 분화되지 않고 증식하는 만능 상태로 되돌립니다.
 
 iPSC가 정말로 배아 줄기세포와 같은지 여부는 여전히 연구되고 있지만, 배아 줄기세포와 유사한 것으로 보이며, 세 가지 배엽에서 모두 세포를 생성할 수 있습니다. 과학자들은 다른 종류의 줄기세포와 마찬가지로 필요한 세포 유형이 적절한 양으로 생성될 수 있도록 iPSC로부터 특정 세포 유형의 분화를 효율적으로 촉진하는 방법을 연구하고 있습니다.
 
 <h4>조기 임상 시험</h4>
 
 첫 번째 임상 시험은 iPSC에서 파생된 망막 세포를 노화 연관 황반변성을 가진 환자에게 이식했습니다. 이후 여러 iPSC 임상시험은 파킨슨병, 심장병, 그리고 척수손상의 치료를 위해 승인되었습니다. 환자로부터 채취하여 iPSC로 변환한 세포들도 실험실에서 질병을 연구하는 데 사용되고 있습니다. 일반적으로 iPSC는 과학 연구를 위한 또 다른 줄기세포의 원천을 제공합니다.

줄기세포는 다양한 유형의 세포를 분열하고 생산하는 미분화 세포입니다. 일반적으로 특정 세포로 분화된 세포는 ...

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reprogramming mature cells into stem cells

Reprogramming mature cells into stem cells lets scientists turn specialized cells back into an unspecialized state. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs are pluripotent, which means they can form all cell types.

To make iPSCs, researchers start with mature cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells. The cells are grown in culture, and genes for several transcription factors are delivered with a viral vector. The cells then make those transcription factor proteins, which switch on other genes that are active in embryonic stem cells and return the cells to a proliferative, undifferentiated, and pluripotent state.

iPSCs may be useful in medicine because they can come from a patient’s own body. For example, cells needed to repair a damaged retina in age-related macular degeneration could be made from that same patient’s cells. This autologous transplantation lowers the risk of transplant rejection that can happen when tissue is moved between different people.

Scientists are still studying whether iPSCs are truly equivalent to embryonic stem cells, but they appear to be similar and can produce cells from all three germ layers. Researchers are also working on ways to direct iPSCs to become specific cell types in efficient amounts. Early clinical trials have used iPSC-derived retinal cells for macular degeneration, and other trials have been approved for Parkinson’s disease, heart disease, and spinal cord injury. Patient cells turned into iPSCs are also helping scientists study disease in the lab.

Reprogramming Mature Cells into Stem Cells

reprogramming-mature-cells-into-stem-cells

what is genetic engineering?

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Complementary DNA, or cDNA, is made from messenger RNA (mRNA) so scientists can study which genes are active in cells and tissues. Only genes that are transcribed into mRNA are expressed. By extracting mRNA from cells, researchers can compare gene expression across samples. cDNA is produced by reverse transcription. This process copies mRNA into DNA, which is useful because mRNA does not contain introns, or non-coding regions, and other regulatory sequences. As a result, cDNA can help...

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Knockout Mice and Gene Replacement

Knockout mice help researchers study gene function by showing what happens when a gene is turned off. These engineered animals are also useful for modeling human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes. A specific gene can be targeted by using a targeting vector, which is a piece of engineered DNA that replaces the normal gene and inactivates it. The vector has matching DNA sequences on both ends. These homologous sequences let the vector swap in for the target gene through...

crispr

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing in Action

CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool that lets scientists change DNA at a specific location. It can add, remove, or rearrange genetic material. Researchers study it because it may help treat genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, and Cas9 is a CRISPR-associated protein 9. The basic system includes a Cas9 endonuclease, which is an enzyme that cuts DNA, and a small RNA that guides Cas9 to the...

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embryonic stem cells

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adult stem cells

Adult Stem Cells in the Small Intestine

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induced pluripotent stem cells

Reprogramming mature cells into stem cells lets scientists turn specialized cells back into an unspecialized state. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs are pluripotent, which means they can form all cell types. To make iPSCs, researchers start with mature cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells. The cells are grown in culture, and genes for several transcription factors are delivered with a viral vector. The cells then make...

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genomics

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key terms and concepts

Learn how mature cells are reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells, why iPSCs matter for transplants, and how they are used in research and clinical trials.

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Reprogramming Mature Cells into Stem Cells

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