Name: cloning animals with scnt
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

links-among-engineering-technology-science-and-society

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

BIO1.ETS2.3

Reproductive Cloning

- [교사] 생식적 복제란 어떤 유기체와유전적으로 동등한 복제 개체를 발달시키는 것입니다.1996년에 복제된 양 돌리는성체 동물 최초의 복제 개체였습니다.그 이후로도 다른 여러 종도 복제되었습니다.개나 고양이도 복제되었습니다.성체 동물 복제에 가장 흔히 쓰이는 방법은체세포 핵 치환입니다.먼저, 난자에서 핵을 제거합니다.그리고 피부 세포 같은 체세포를동물에게서 채취합니다.염색체 DNA를 포함한 핵을 추출하여난자에 주입합니다.난자에 화학적 또는 전기적 자극을 가해난할을 일으켜 배아를 생성하도록 합니다.이것을 성체 암컷의 자궁에 착상시키고발달시켜서 출산하도록 합니다.결과적인 복제 개체는 원래 개체와동일한 염색체 DNA를 가지지만미토콘드리아 DNA는 다를 수도 있습니다.미트콘드리아는 난자의 세포질에서 나오는데이는 개체별로 보통 다르기 때문입니다.또한 복제 개체와 원래 개체 사이에표현형 차이가 나타날 수 있는데이는 발달 중에 겪게되는환경적, 후성적 요인 때문입니다.일란성 쌍둥이가 같은 DNA를 가졌는데도약간 다른 것과 마찬가지입니다.

아얄라, 프란시스코 J. "인간 복제? 생물학적, 윤리적, 사회적 고려 사항."미국 국립과학원회보 112, no. 29 (2015년 7월 21일): 8879–86. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501798112" target="__blank">소스</a>]
Keefer, Carol L. "가축의 인공 복제." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 29 (2015년 7월 21일): 8874–78. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501718112" target="__blank">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501718112</a>.

생식 복제

생식 복제(reproductive cloning)는 유기체의 유전적으로 동일한 복제본(clone; 클론)을 생성하는 과정입니다. 복제는 일란성 쌍둥이에게 자연적으로 일어나는 것과 유사하게 초기 배아를 분열해서 생성할 수 있지만, 성인 동물의 복제는 보통 체세포 핵 치환(somatic cell nuclear transfer, 줄여서 SCNT)이라고 불리는 과정에 의해 이루어집니다.
 
 <h4>체세포 핵 치환</h4>
 
 SCNT는 먼저 동물에게서 난자를 수집해 핵을 제거하고 제핵난자(enucleated egg)를 만듭니다. 그다음 복제될 동물에게서 체세포(somatic cell), 즉 생식세포가 아닌 세포를 채취합니다. 그런 다음 체세포의 핵을 직접 제핵난자에 주사하거나, 전류를 이용해 체세포를 제핵난자에 융합시킵니다.
 
 난자는 그렇게 복제될 동물의 염색체 DNA를 포함한 핵을 가지게 되고, 분열이 촉진되어 배아를 형성한 뒤 대리모의 자궁에 이식됩니다. 모든 것이 잘 되면 배아는 정상적으로 발달하고 복제 동물이 탄생합니다.
 
 이 과정이 양, 소, 노새, 토끼, 개 등 다양한 동물을 복제하는 데 사용되었지만, 적은 비율의 배아만이 태어날 때까지 살아남아 성공률이 낮습니다. 태어날 때까지 살아남은 복제 동물들 또한 조기 노화를 겪고 일찍 사망하는 것으로 보입니다. 이는 복제 동물의 DNA가 정상적인 노화 과정의 일환으로 텔로미어(telomere; 말단소체)가 단축(각 세포 분열마다 염색체 말단인 텔로미어 일부를 상실)된 성인 세포에 유래하기 때문입니다.
 
 복제 동물의 염색체 DNA는 핵 공여자의 DNA와 동일하지만, 미토콘드리아는 보통 난자의 세포질에서 나오기 때문에 공여자와 다른 미토콘드리아 DNA를 가지고 있을 수 있습니다. 또한, 환경과 후성유전적(epigenetics; 후생유전) 요인 때문에 복제 동물과 원래 동물 사이에 표현형 차이(phenotypic difference)가 발생할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어 최초로 복제된 고양이 Cc는 원래 고양이와 매우 다르게 보였는데, 이는 여러 세포에서 무작위로 생기는 X 염색체 비활성화(X-chromosome inactivation)로 인한 털 패턴 차이 때문이었습니다.
 
 기술적 어려움에도 불구하고, 생식 복제는 유전적으로 동일한 연구 동물, 원하는 형질(trait)을 가진 가축, 그리고 멸종 위기에 처한 종의 자손 같은 경우에 응용할 수 있는 잠재적 가치가 있습니다. 생식 복제는 인간의 불임과 질병에도 적용될 가능성이 있지만, 인간의 복제는 아직 이루어지지 않았고 또 윤리적 우려를 낳을 수 있습니다.

생식 복제는 전체 유기체의 유전적으로 동일한 사본(클론)을 생산하는 과정입니다. 클론은 다음과 같이 생산할 수 있지만 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

생물학

Genetics

유전학

Biotechnology

생명공학

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

cloning animals with scnt

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally.

In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned. The nucleus from that cell is placed into the enucleated egg by direct injection or by fusing the cells with an electrical current.

The egg now contains the chromosomal DNA of the animal being cloned. It is stimulated to divide and form an embryo. That embryo is then implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother. If development proceeds normally, the clone is born.

This method has been used to clone many animals, including sheep, cows, mules, rabbits, and dogs. Even so, the success rate is low, and only a small percentage of embryos survive to birth. Clones that do survive may age and die early because the DNA comes from adult cells that already show telomere shortening, which is the loss of protective chromosome ends during cell division.

A clone has the same chromosomal DNA as the nucleus donor, but it may have different mitochondrial DNA. That is because mitochondria come from the egg cell cytoplasm, which usually comes from a different animal. Clones can also look different from the original animal because of environmental and epigenetic effects. The first cloned cat, Cc, is one example, since coat pattern depends on random X-chromosome inactivation in different cells.

Despite these challenges, reproductive cloning may be useful for making genetically identical research animals, livestock with desired traits, and offspring of endangered species. It may also have possible uses in human infertility and disease. However, humans have not been cloned, and doing so would raise ethical concerns.

Cloning Animals with SCNT

what is genetic engineering?

How Scientists Edit DNA for New Traits

Genetic engineering changes an organism’s DNA to add useful traits. Scientists use it in bacteria, plants, animals, and even viruses for research, medicine, agriculture, and industry. It can bring major benefits, but it also raises ethical concerns about humans and the food supply. This work is possible because DNA has the same basic structure and genetic code across life. That shared code lets scientists modify DNA in several ways. One method is CRISPR/Cas9, often called molecular scissors,...

dna isolation

Steps in DNA Extraction

DNA extraction is the process of removing and purifying DNA from cells. It is used in many biotechnology and research applications, including molecular cloning. The main goal is to free DNA from the cell and prepare it for later study or use. The first step is cell lysis, which means breaking cells open. Researchers may use a homogenizer, sonicator, or bead beater to physically lyse the cells. They also often add detergent to chemically disrupt the lipid-based cell membranes. This helps...

recombinant dna technology

Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs

Recombinant DNA is made by joining DNA from different sources in the lab. Scientists often use it to clone genes and study them in cells that are easy to handle, such as bacteria. Organisms that carry recombinant DNA are called genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. This technology gives scientists new tools for research, medicine, and agriculture. To build recombinant DNA, researchers place a gene of interest into a vector, which is a DNA carrier that moves foreign DNA into a host cell. The...

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complementary dna

From mRNA to cDNA for Gene Studies

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antibiotic selection

Antibiotic Resistance in Cloning

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transgenic organisms

Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals

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in-vitro mutagenesis (gene knockouts)

Knockout Mice and Gene Replacement

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crispr

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing in Action

CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool that lets scientists change DNA at a specific location. It can add, remove, or rearrange genetic material. Researchers study it because it may help treat genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, and Cas9 is a CRISPR-associated protein 9. The basic system includes a Cas9 endonuclease, which is an enzyme that cuts DNA, and a small RNA that guides Cas9 to the...

gene therapy

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adult stem cells

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induced pluripotent stem cells

Reprogramming Mature Cells into Stem Cells

Reprogramming mature cells into stem cells lets scientists turn specialized cells back into an unspecialized state. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs are pluripotent, which means they can form all cell types. To make iPSCs, researchers start with mature cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells. The cells are grown in culture, and genes for several transcription factors are delivered with a viral vector. The cells then make...

reproductive cloning

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally. In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned.

genomics

Genomics and DNA Sequencing

Genomics studies the full set of genetic material in an organism. In humans, that genome includes the DNA carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, along with mitochondrial DNA. Genomics looks at both coding DNA and non-coding DNA, which helps scientists study how living things are built and how they differ. This field is useful in many areas of biology and medicine. Scientists use genomics to build phylogenetic trees, improve crop productivity and sustainability, help with criminal...

key terms and concepts

Explore how somatic cell nuclear transfer creates cloned animals, why success is limited, and how cloning may support research, agriculture, and conservation.

Cloning Animals with SCNT | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

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JoVE Core 시리즈는 생물학의 주요 개념을 설명하는 300개가 넘는 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션 비디오 강의와 오늘날 실험실에서 수행된 실제 연구 실험을 보여주는 150개가 넘는 과학자 활동 비디오를 통해 생물학에 활기를 불어 넣습니다.

Florida Department of Education

Life Science

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.10

myJoVE Corporation

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embryonic-stem-cell-culture-and-differentiation

Embryonic Stem Cell Culture and Differentiation

Culturing embryonic stem (ES) cells requires conditions that maintain these cells in an undifferentiated state to preserve their capacity for self-renewal ...

Induced Pluripotency

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are somatic cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to form undifferentiated stem cells. Like embryonic stem ...

Analyze scientific and ethical arguments to support the pros and cons of applications of a specific biotechnology technique such as stem cell usage, in vitro fertilization, or genetically modified organisms.
EXPLANATION: The utilization of new technologies in any field of science is dependent on both economic and social factors. In addition to evaluating these factors, scientists must also consider long-term consequences that may not be initially apparent. The emphasis should be on the construction of a rationale argument that supports a position on the use of an application with ethical and social impact. Students should begin to appreciate the differences in ethical values that exist, and recognize that discussion of these values is imperative as knowledge and technology continue to advance, even when resolutions of differences can be rare. After investigation of a specific biotechnology application, students can write a position paper and/or participate in a classroom debate.

Cloning Animals with SCNT

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