Name: nervous system parts and control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

What is a Nervous System?

- [강사] 신경계는 사람이바깥세상을 감지하고 그에 대한적절한 반응을 할 수 있게 해줍니다또한 호흡에서 고급 기능인 추론까지다양한 기능을 통제합니다이 신경계는 두 영역으로 나뉩니다하나는 중추신경계, 즉 CNS인데뇌와 척수를 포함하고또 하나는 말초신경계, 즉 PNS인데CNS와 나머지 신체 사이를 이동하는신경을 포함합니다뇌는 시각 정보를 처리하거나움직임을 조정하는 등기능이 다른 영역으로 세분됩니다하지만 또한 고도로 상호 연결되어정보의 통합을 가능하게 합니다다른 신경계처럼뇌는 뉴런과 글리아로 구성되어 있는데요뉴런은 신경 신호를 생성하여 전달하는 세포이며글리아는 신경 기능을 지원하는 세포입니다뇌 아래에는 척수가 있는데척수관 아래로 뻗은 CNS 조직입니다그것은 뇌와 PNS 사이의 신호를 촉진하고반사작용과 같은 몇 가지 기본적인 기능도 제어합니다PNS에서 신경 즉 신경 축색돌기 묶음은골격근에 지시를 내려움직임을 조절하고 내부 장기에 지시를 내려소화 같은 자율 기능을 조절합니다신경은 또한 분석을 위해 CNS에 촉감을 감지하는피부와 같은 수용체 세포로부터감각 정보를 전달합니다

퍼브스, 데일, 조지 J. 어거스틴, 데이비드 피츠패트릭, 로렌스 C. 카츠, 앤서니-사무엘 라만티아, 제임스 O. 맥나마라, S. 마크 윌리엄스. "신경 시스템." 신경과학. 2판, 2001. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11061/" target="__blank">소스</a>]

신경계란 무엇인가?

<h4>개요</h4>
 
 신경계(nervous system)는 유기체의 내부 환경을 유지하고 외부 세계와 유기체의 상호작용을 조정하는 역할을 하는 전문 세포들의 집합체입니다. 예를 들어 심박수와 호흡과 같은 필수적인 기능의 통제하고 위험에서 탈출하기 위해 필요한 움직임을 담당합니다.
 
 <h4>신경계의 구성</h4>
 
 척추동물 신경계(vertebrate nervous system)는 중추신경계(central nervous system, 줄여서 CNS)와 말초신경계(peripheral nervous system, 줄여서 PNS), 이렇게 두 개의 주요 부분으로 나뉩니다. CNS는 뇌, 척수(spinal cord), 망막(retina; 시각계(visual system)의 감각 조직) 등을 포함합니다. PNS에는 감각계(sensory system)의 감각수용체 세포(sensory receptor cell; 감각수용기 세포; 예: 피부의 촉각수용체) 및 CNS와 신체의 다른 부분 사이에서 정보를 전달하는 신경도 포합합니다. 또한, CNS와 PNS의 일부는 자율신경계(autonomic nervous system; 내장 운동계(visceral motor system)라고도 함)에 기여합니다. 자율신경계는 민무늬근(smooth muscle; 평활근), 심장근(cardiac muscle), 그리고 소화 같은 무의식적인 행동을 지배하는 분비샘(gland; 분비선)을 조절합니다.
 
 척추동물의 뇌는 주로 대뇌(cerebrum), 소뇌(cerebellum), 뇌줄기(brainstem; 뇌간)로 나뉩니다. 대뇌는 좌반구(좌뇌)와 우반구(우뇌)로 나뉜 뇌의 가장 크고 가장 앞쪽의 부분입니다. 각 반구는 전두엽(frontal lobe), 두정엽(parietal lobe), 후두엽(occipital lobe), 그리고 측두엽(temporal lobe), 이렇게 네 개의 엽으로 나뉩니다. 대뇌의 가장 바깥쪽 층은 복잡한 감각 정보와 대부분의 인지 기능을 처리하는 데 관여하는 겉질(cortex; 피질)이라고 불립니다. 뇌 속 더 깊은 곳에는 해마(hippocampus), 시상하부(hypothalamus), 시상(thalamus), 기저핵(basal ganglia; 대뇌핵)을 포함한 여러 중요한 요소가 있습니다. 소뇌는 대뇌의 뒤쪽 아래에 위치하며 근육의 움직임을 조정하는 역할을 합니다. 뇌줄기는 뇌와 척수를 연결하고 호흡과 삼키는 것과 같은 중요한 기능을 하는 중심기관을 가지고 있습니다.
 
 척수는 뇌 아래에 있고 뇌줄기에서 부터 쭉 연결되어 있습니다. 척수는 뇌와 신체의 다른 부분을 연결하는 신경세포체(neuronal cell body)와 축삭돌기(axon; 축삭) 뭉치를 가지고 있습니다. 척수는 정보의 중요한 통로인 것 외에도 뇌의 입력 없이 보행 운동(locomotion)과 반사(reflex)와 같은 기능을 수행할 수 있습니다. PNS의 신경은 CNS에서 근육으로 운동 명령을 전달하며, 해석을 위해 수용기세포(receptor; 수용체세포)에서 CNS로 감각 정보를 전달합니다. 골격근의 움직임 외에도, 신경은 자율신경계의 교감신경계(sympathetic nervous system)와 부교감신경계(parasympathetic nervous system)를 통해 폐와 장과 같은 내부 기관의 활동을 조절합니다.
 
 <h4>신경계 세포</h4>
 
 신경계는 뉴런(neuron)과 신경교세포(glial cell; 교세포; 신경아교세포)로 구성됩니다. 뉴런은 CNS에서 서로 간 소통을 담당하고 신경계에서 몸의 나머지 부분까지 정보를 앞뒤로 전달하는 4번 타자 역할을 합니다. 인간의 뇌에는 약 1000억 개의 뉴런과 그 사이에 100조 개의 연결고리가 있는 것으로 추정됩니다. 뉴런은 다양한 형태를 가지고 있고 광범위한 기능을 수행합니다. 뉴런은 시냅스(synapse)라고 불리는 접합부에서 소통하기 위해 일련의 신경 화학 물질(neurochemical)과 이온을 사용합니다.
 
 신경계의 다른 주요 세포는 신경교세포라고 불리는 여러 가지 종류의 세포군입니다. 신경교세포는 뉴런의 기능에 기여하고 뇌에 있는 뉴런의 수와 거의 같습니다. 주요 형태의 신경교세포는 성상세포(astrocyte; 성상교세포; 별아교세포), 미세아교세포(microglia; 마이클로글리아), 희소돌기아교세포(oligodendrocyte), CNS의 뇌실막세포(ependymal cell), PNS의 슈반세포(Schwann cell)와 위성 세포(satellite cell)를 포함합니다.
 
 <h4>정신 건강은 세계적인 관심사입니다</h4>
 
 신경계는 우리의 모든 경험을 지배하며, 외상, 질병, 유전, 또는 해로운 화학물질에 노출에 의한 신경계의 붕괴는 건강과 삶의 질에 심각한 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다. 그러한 영향에서 비롯되는 정신건강질환은 전 세계적으로 매우 흔합니다. 신경장애(neurological disorder)와 신경발달장애(neurodevelopmental disorder)에 대한 우리의 이해를 높이는 것은 정신건강질환을 겪고 있는 많은 사람들에게 잠재적인 치료법을 계속해서 제공합니다. 세계보건기구(World Health Organization, 줄여서 WHO)와 미 국립정신보건원(National Institute of Mental Health, 줄여서 NIMH)와 같은 기관에선 정신건강질환을 연구하고 질환이 사회에 미치는 영향을 추적하기 위한 귀중한 자원을 제공합니다.

개요

신경계는 유기체의 내부 환경을 유지하고 조정하는 역할을 하는 특수 세포의 집합체입니다.

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Biology

생물학

Human Biology

인체 생물학

Nervous System

신경계

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

nervous system parts and control

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger.

In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The PNS includes sensory receptor cells for the other sensory systems, such as touch receptors in the skin, and the nerves that carry information between the CNS and the rest of the body.

Part of both the CNS and PNS also contributes to the autonomic nervous system, also called the visceral motor system. This system controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. It helps govern involuntary actions such as digestion.

The vertebrate brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The cerebrum is the largest and most anterior part of the brain. It has left and right hemispheres, and each hemisphere is divided into the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. The outer layer of the cerebrum is the cortex, which processes complex sensory information and many cognitive functions. Deeper brain regions include the hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal ganglia.

The cerebellum, sometimes called the little brain, sits behind and below the cerebrum. It helps coordinate muscle movement. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains important centers for vital functions such as breathing and swallowing. The spinal cord lies below the brain and continues from the brainstem. It contains neuronal cell bodies and axon bundles that connect the brain with the body. It can also carry out some functions without input from the brain, including locomotion and other reflexes.

Nerves in the PNS carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles and sensory information from receptor cells back to the CNS for interpretation. They also help regulate internal organs such as the lungs and intestines through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Two main cell types make up the nervous system: neurons and glial cells. Neurons carry information between nervous system regions and between the nervous system and the rest of the body. The human brain is estimated to contain about 100 billion neurons and about 100 trillion connections between them. Neurons come in many shapes and use neurochemicals and ions to communicate at synapses, which are junctions between cells.

Glial cells are the other major cell type. They support neuron function and are about as numerous as neurons in the brain. Major glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells. In the PNS, Schwann cells and satellite cells perform related support roles.

Because the nervous system affects nearly every experience, damage from trauma, disease, genetics, or harmful chemicals can strongly affect health and quality of life. Problems in this system are linked to many mental health conditions around the world. Research on neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders continues to guide possible treatments and therapies. Organizations such as the World Health Organization and the National Institute of Mental Health help study these conditions and track their impact on society.

Nervous System Parts and Control

what is a nervous system?

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger. In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The...

the parasympathetic nervous system

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

the sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold. This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system...

the blood-brain barrier

How the Blood-Brain Barrier Works

The blood-brain barrier is a specialized system of blood vessels that helps control what enters the brain. It delivers nutrients from the blood while tightly regulating ions, molecules, pathogens, and other substances. This semipermeable barrier protects the brain and also makes it harder to deliver some therapies. The blood-brain barrier includes several cellular parts, especially endothelial cells and astrocytes. These cells share a common basement membrane and regulate movement between the...

neuron structure

How Neurons Send Signals

Neurons send signals through a clear set of structures that let them receive, process, and pass on information. They are the main cells of the nervous system and use electrochemical signals to communicate. Neurons also talk to other cells through neurotransmitters at junctions called synapses. Most neurons share three main parts: a cell body, also called the soma, dendrites, and an axon. The soma holds the nucleus and other organelles needed for cell function. Dendrites usually receive...

glial cells

Glial Cells and Nervous System Support

Glial cells support the nervous system and work alongside neurons. They are one of the two main cell types in the nervous system. Unlike neurons, glia do not send electrical signals, but they help with nearly every other part of nervous system function. In humans, glial cells are about as numerous as neurons in the brain. In the central nervous system, glia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Astrocytes are the most common glial cells. They form organized,...

action potentials

How Nerve Signals Travel in Axons

Neurons send signals through action potentials, the rapid electrical changes that move along the axon. These signals lead to neurotransmitter release at axon terminals, which passes information through the nervous system. An action potential is an all-or-none change in membrane potential, the voltage across a cell membrane. A neuron usually has a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts. When it receives signals from neurotransmitters or sensory input, the membrane can become more...

the resting membrane potential

How Neurons Keep a Negative Resting Charge

Neurons keep a negative resting charge across their membrane. This electrical difference, called the membrane potential, comes from how ions move and how the membrane lets them pass. In a resting neuron, the inside is typically around -70 millivolts and is more negative than the outside, so the cell is polarized. Two main factors create this resting state. First, the membrane is selectively permeable, which means most ions and molecules cannot cross the lipid bilayer without help from ion...

long-term potentiation

Synaptic Strengthening in Learning and Memory

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is a form of synaptic strengthening in the brain. It changes the strength of chemical synapses over time between pre- and postsynaptic neurons. LTP works against long-term depression, or LTD, which weakens synapses. Together, LTP and LTD are major mechanisms behind learning and memory. LTP can happen when a presynaptic neuron fires again and again and keeps stimulating a postsynaptic neuron. This is called Hebbian LTP, based on Donald Hebb’s idea that neurons...

long-term depression

Synaptic Pruning in Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is a form of synaptic plasticity that weakens chemical synapses over time. It acts between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. LTD works in opposition to long-term potentiation, or LTP, which strengthens synapses. Together, LTD and LTP are two of the main mechanisms behind learning and memory. LTD helps the brain avoid staying locked in a fully strengthened state. If synapses were always maximally strengthened, the brain would become less efficient and it would...

the synapse

How Neurons Signal at Synapses

Neurons communicate through synapses, the points where two neurons meet to pass on signals. At a synapse, the sending neuron is the presynaptic cell, and the receiving neuron is the postsynaptic cell. Most neurons can serve in both roles because they send and receive information. Electrical synapses move signals directly between cells. The presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are linked by gap junctions, which are proteins that physically connect them. This type of synapse can pass electrical...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the nervous system is organized, how neurons and glial cells work, and how the brain, spinal cord, and nerves control body functions.

Nervous System Parts and Control | JoVE K12

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

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Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

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Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
ExpandIn this experiment you will prepare different types of cells from a plant and animal, onion and human ...

What are Cells?

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term &#34;cell&#34; based on the ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

The Central Dogma

The DNA Helix

Nucleic Acids

DNA as a Genetic Template

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the ...

Chromosome Structure

Base-pairing and DNA Repair

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

Protein Families

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Conservation of Protein Domains

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Globular and Fibrous Proteins

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes ...

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Protein Complex Assembly

Protein and Protein Structures

Conjugated Proteins

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Amyloid Fibrils

What are Proteins?

Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins and polypeptides are interchangeably used to refer to long chains of amino ...

Ligand Binding Sites

Protein Organization

Proteins are polymers of amino acid residues. They are versatile and responsible for different cellular functions, including DNA replication, molecular ...

Protein-Protein Interfaces

Protein Folding

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to ...

Conserved Binding Sites

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes are proteins made of amino acids. The functional group of each constituent amino acid catalyzes a wide variety of chemical reactions via ionic ...

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

GTPases and their Regulation

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Mechanical Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Protein Networks

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

HS-LS1-1

Levels of Organization

Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth&#x27;s biosphere. ...

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into ...

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Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

It is convenient to consider the body&#39;s structures in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity: subatomic particles, ...

Overview of Human Digestion

The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. ...

Anatomy of the Intestines

Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, ...

Accessory Organs

Accessory organs are those that participate in the digestion of food but do not come into direct contact with it like the mouth, stomach, or intestine do. ...

Lipid Digestion

Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific ...

Protein Digestion

Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where the highly acidic environment can easily disrupt protein structure by exposing the peptide bonds of ...

Carbohydrate Digestion

Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism break down simple and complex carbohydrates from food into saccharides (i.e., sugars) for the body to use as energy. ...

Overview

The nervous system is the collection of specialized cells responsible for maintaining an organism&rsquo;s internal environment and coordinating ...

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. This parasympathetic system is responsible ...

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The sympathetic nervous system&mdash;one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system&mdash;is activated in times of stress. It ...

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from ...

What is a Sensory System?

Sensory systems detect stimuli&mdash;such as light and sound waves&mdash;and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous ...

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ...

What is the Skeletal System?

Overview

The adult human skeleton comprises 206 bones that are connected through cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. The skeleton provides a rigid ...

an-introduction-to-the-zebrafish-danio-rerio

An Introduction to the Zebrafish: Danio rerio

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are small freshwater fish that are used as model organisms for biomedical research. The many strengths of these fish include their ...

Physiology of the Circulatory System

Homeostasis
Conditions in the external environment of an organism can change rapidly and drastically. To survive, organisms must maintain a fairly ...

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart ...

Measuring Blood Pressure
ExpandTo prepare for the blood pressure exercise, simply place the appropriate number of alcohol swabs, sphygmomanometers, and ...

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The ...

Measuring Circulatory System Function in Humans
ExpandBefore starting the experiment go to the front of the room and collect an alcohol swab, a ...

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The ...

What Are Osmoregulation and Excretion?

Organisms must keep bodily fluids at a constant temperature and pH while maintaining specific solute concentrations in order to support life functions. ...

Blood Withdrawal I

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
Blood collection is a common requirement for ...

Kidney Structure

The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water ...

Blood Withdrawal II

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
The collection of blood from mice and rats for ...

What is the Immune System?

Overview

The immune system comprises diverse biological structures and processes that protect the body from disease. These processes can be classified ...

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain ...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of ...

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of ...

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two ...

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

HS-LS1-3

Nervous System Parts and Control

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