Name: rest and digest: parasympathetic control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

부교감 신경계는위협이 없는 조용한 시간에신체를 회복시켜주고종종 쉬고 소화하는 시스템이라고 부른다자율 신경계의 주요 분파 중의 하나인데자율 신경계는불수의 기능을 통제하고방법은, 내장 기관의 부드러운 근육심장 근육, 침샘 같은 특정 샘 등의활동을 규제하는 것이다부교감 신경계가 활성화 되면뇌간에 있는 신경절 이전 신경세포와 척추의 천골부분으로부터의 신호가 신경절로 보내지는데이 신경 세포 덩어리는통제되는 기관과 샘 근처의말초 신경계에 있다여기서, 메시지를 신경절 이후 신경 세포로 보내는데이 신경 세포는 신경 전달 물질 아세틸콜린을이용하여 표적 조직의 활동을 규제한다이를테면, 심장 박동수를 내려주는데그러면 신체가 이완되고, 장과 방광의근육 수축을 자극해주어소화와 분비를 높여준다그 결과, 부교감 신경계는에너지 저장 시스템을 다시 짓고, 신체가 쉴 때에항상성을 유지하도록 도와준다

Stewart, Julian M. "기립성 과민증의 일반적인 증후군." Pediatrics 131, no. 5 (May 2013): 968–80. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2610" target="__blank">소스</a>]

부교감신경계

<h4>개요</h4>
 
 부교감신경계(parasympathetic nervous system)는 자율신경계(autonomic nervous system)의 두 가지 주요 분류 중 하나입니다. 이 부교감신경계는 심박수와 소화 같은 무의식적인 기능을 조절하는 역할을 합니다. 뇌와 말초신경계(peripheral nervous system)에 위치한 뉴런(neuron)으로 구성되어 있으며, 뉴런은 그들의 축삭돌기(axon; 축삭)를 근육, 장기, 그리고 분비샘(gland; 분비선)으로 보냅니다.
 
 <h4>휴식-소화 시스템</h4>
 
 부교감신경계의 활성화는 신체에 진정 효과를 가져다주는 경향이 있어서, 자원을 보충하고 항상성(homeostasis)을 회복시키는 기능을 촉진합니다. 따라서 이걸 “휴식-소화 시스템”이라고도 합니다. 부교감신경계는 공격이나 위해의 위협이 없어 자원을 몸의 기본 기능에 투입하기 안전하다 여겨지는 잔잔한 시간에 우세합니다.
 
 <h4>부교감신경계의 제어</h4>
 
 부교감신경계는 시상하부(hypothalamus)를 포함한 뇌의 여러 부분에 의해 활성화될 수 있습니다. 뇌줄기(brainstem)와 척수(spinal cord)의 천골 부분(sacral part)에 있는 신경절이전 뉴런(preganglionic neuron)은 먼저 축삭돌기(axon; 축삭)를 말초신경계의 신경절(ganglia)—신경세포체(neuronal cell body)의 클러스터—에 보냅니다. 이러한 신경절은 신경절이전 뉴런과 신경절이후 뉴런(postganglionic neuron) 사이를 연결하고, 이 뉴런들이 통제하는 장기 또는 분비샘 근처에 있습니다. 여기에서 신경절이후 뉴런은 자신의 축삭을 대상 조직(일반적으로 민무늬근(smooth muscle; 평활근), 심장근(cardiac muscle), 분비샘)에 보냅니다. 일반적으로 신경전달물질(neurotransmitter)인 아세틸콜린(acetylcholine)은 이러한 대상 조직의 활동을 조절하는 데 사용됩니다.
 
 부교감신경계의 활성화는 몸에 다양한 영향을 미칩니다. 심박수를 낮추고 동공을 수축 시켜 몸을 더 편안한 상태로 되돌립니다. 또한 침 분비, 위와 장의 연동운동, 방광의 수축을 촉진해 소변을 배출하는 등 소화와 배설을 자극합니다. 췌장(pancreas)이 인슐린을 더 많이 분비하도록 만들어 에너지 저장소를 다시 구축하는 데 도움을 줍니다. 마지막으로, 성기로 가는 혈류를 증가 시켜 생식을 촉진합니다.
 
 <h4>기립</h4>
 
 기립하는 것 같은 일상적인 움직임에도 심박수와 혈류의 제어는 필수적입니다. 기립성 조절장애(orthostatic intolerance, 줄여서 OI)로 고통받는 사람들은 기립 자세 같이 단순한 행위에서 만성적인 어지러움과 실신을 경험 할 수 있습니다. 자율신경계는 우리가 기립할 때 필요한 혈관과 심박수의 변화를 제어합니다. 특히 부교감신경계는 뇌 동맥 혈관 확장을 불러오는 신호를 담당합니다. 부교감신경계의 잘못된 신호는 뇌로 가는 혈류의 부적절한 흐름으로 인해 의식을 잃게 만들 수 있습니다.

개요

부교감신경계(parasympathetic nervous system)는 자율신경계의 두 가지 주요 부문 중 하나입니다. 이 부교감 신경계는 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Biology

생물학

Human Biology

인체 생물학

Nervous System

신경계

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

rest and digest: parasympathetic control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands.

This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active during calm times, when the body can focus on basic housekeeping functions instead of responding to danger. In this state, the body can use resources for recovery and maintenance.

The parasympathetic nervous system can be activated by parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus. Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord send axons to ganglia, which are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. These ganglia lie near the organs or glands they control, where they link preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Postganglionic neurons then carry signals to target tissues, which are usually smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is typically used to control these targets. When this system is active, heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion and excretion increase, and the pancreas releases more insulin to help rebuild energy stores. It also increases blood flow to the genitals, which supports reproduction.

This control system is also important during standing up. People with orthostatic intolerance, or OI, can feel lightheaded or faint when they move into an upright posture, a change called orthostasis. The autonomic nervous system adjusts heart rate and blood vessels during this shift, and the parasympathetic system helps signals that allow vasodilation, or widening of the cerebral arteries. If this signaling does not work properly, the brain may not get enough blood, which can cause loss of consciousness.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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the parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

the sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

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the synapse

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Neurons communicate through synapses, the points where two neurons meet to pass on signals. At a synapse, the sending neuron is the presynaptic cell, and the receiving neuron is the postsynaptic cell. Most neurons can serve in both roles because they send and receive information. Electrical synapses move signals directly between cells. The presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are linked by gap junctions, which are proteins that physically connect them. This type of synapse can pass electrical...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate, supports digestion, and helps the body adjust when standing up.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control | JoVE K12

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

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Characteristics of Life

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Cell Structure

Background
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Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
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Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
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What are Cells?

Cell Diversity

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Cytoplasm

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The Nucleus

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RNA Structure

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Conservation of Protein Domains

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Globular and Fibrous Proteins

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Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

HS-LS1-1

Levels of Organization

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Animal and Plant Cell Structure

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Anatomy of the Intestines

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Accessory Organs

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Lipid Digestion

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Protein Digestion

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Carbohydrate Digestion

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Overview

The nervous system is the collection of specialized cells responsible for maintaining an organism&rsquo;s internal environment and coordinating ...

Overview

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. This parasympathetic system is responsible ...

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Overview

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Blood Withdrawal I

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Kidney Structure

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Blood Withdrawal II

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Breathing

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Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

HS-LS1-3

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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