Name: glial cells and nervous system support
Uploaded: 2025-10-23T11:49:28.000Z
Duration: 1 min 4 s
Channel: JoVE

교질 세포는 신경계에서지지 세포이다중추 신경계(CNS)는다양한 교질 세포가 있다가장 크고 많은 것은 성상 세포이다이 세포는 기능이 많은데그 중 하나가 혈액뇌장벽을 유지하도록 돕는 것이다다른 종류 회돌기교세포는세포체가 적고 과정도 적은데축색 돌기를 따라 수초를 만든다수가 가장 적고 크기가 가장 작은 소교 세포는식세포의 과정에 관여하는데병균과 세포 조각을 집어삼킨다게다가, 말초 신경계(PNS)에는신경 세포체를 둘러싸면서, CNS의 성상 세포처럼기능하는 위성세포가 포함된다비슷하게, 슈반 세포는회돌기교세포처럼 행동하는데말초 축색 돌기의 수초 형성을 돕는다연구가 계속되면서, 교질 세포가 중추 신경계에서단순한 교질 역할을 넘어서고 있는 것이 분명하다

Zuchero, J. Bradley, and Ben A. Barres. "Glia in Mammalian Development and Disease." Development (Cambridge, England) 142, no. 22 (2015년 11월 15일): 3805–9. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.129304" target="__blank">소스</a>]

신경교세포

<h4>개요</h4>
 
 신경교세포(glial cell; 교세포; 신경아교세포)는 신경계의 두 가지 주요 유형의 세포 중 하나입니다. 신경교세포는 중추신경계(central nervous system, 줄여서 CNS)에서 성상세포(astrocyte), 희소돌기아교세포(oligodendrocyte), 미세아교세포(microglia; 마이클로글리아), 뇌실막세포(ependymal cell)로 구성되며 말초신경계(peripheral nervous system, 줄여서 PNS)에서는 슈반세포(Schwann cell)와 위성 세포(satellite cell)로 구성돼 있습니다. 이 세포들은 뉴런(neuron)과 같은 전기 신호를 통해 소통하지 않지만 신경계 기능의 다른 거의 모든 측면에 기여합니다. 인간의 경우 신경교세포의 수는 뇌의 뉴런 수와 대략 같습니다.
 
 <h4>중추신경계의 신경교세포</h4>
 
 중추신경계의 신경교세포(glia라고도 불림)에는 성상세포, 희소돌기아교세포, 미세아교세포, 뇌실막세포가 포함됩니다. 성상 세포는 신경교세포의 가장 풍부한 유형이며, 중첩되지 않은 패턴으로 뇌 전체에서 발견되고, 뇌에서 뉴런과 모세 혈관에 밀접하게 연관되어 있습니다. 성상 세포는 혈류와 물질대사 과정 조절, 시냅스(synapse) 내 이온과 pH 항상성(homeostasis) 조절, 혈액-뇌 장벽(blood-brain barrier) 유지 등 뇌 기능에 수많은 역할을 합니다.
 
 또 다른 특수 신경교 세포인 희소돌기아교세포는 중추신경계의 뉴런 축삭돌기를 감싸고 있는 미엘린 수초(myelin sheath; 미엘린초)를 형성합니다. 희소돌기아교세포는 축삭돌기를 여러 번 감싸는 긴 세포 돌기(process)를 연장하여 이 코팅을 형성합니다. 미엘린 수초는 신경 신호 전달의 적절한 전도를 위해 필요하며 메시지가 이동하는 속도를 많이 증가시킵니다.
 
 중추신경계의 대식세포(macrophage)로 알려진 미세아교세포는 가장 작은 신경교세포 유형으로 병원체와 파편 모두에 대한 식세포작용(phagocytosis)에 특화되어 있습니다. 그들은 발달 중에 전염성 물질과 독소로부터 중추신경계를 보호하고 시냅스를 가지치기합니다. 미세아교세포는 신경교세포로 여겨지지만 다른 신경교세포 유형보다 독특한 별개의 기원이 있습니다. 성상 세포와 희소돌기아교세포는 방사신경교세포(radial glia)에 의해 생성되는 반면, 미세아교세포는 난황낭(yolk sac)에서 유래하여 배아 발달 초기에 배아로 이동합니다.
 
 마지막으로, 뇌실막세포는 뇌실(ventricle)의 벽에 깔린 섬모(cilia)와 같은 돌기가 있는 정육면체 모양의 세포로, 뇌척수액(cerebrospinal fluid, 줄여서 CSF)을 생산합니다. 뇌실막세포는 뇌와 뇌척수액 사이에 장벽을 형성하여 잠재적으로 유해한 물질을 걸러냅니다. 성상 세포와 희소돌기아교세포와 마찬가지로 뇌실막세포는 측면 뇌실 근처에서 발견되는 방사신경교세포에서 유래합니다.
 
 <h4>말초신경계의 신경교세포</h4>
 
 말초신경계에서는 유사하면서도 뚜렷한 유형의 신경교세포가 존재합니다. 예를 들어 중추신경계 성상 세포에 의해 수행되는 기능(연관된 신경세포체(neuronal cell body)에 구조, 완충, 영양분을 제공하는 기능)은 말초신경계에선 주로 위성 세포가 수행합니다. 또 다른 말초신경계 신경교세포인 슈반 세포는 뉴런 축삭돌기 주위에 미엘린 수초를 형성하여 중추신경계의 희소돌기아교세포와 같은 기능을 합니다. 중추신경계의 수초화(myelination; 미엘린화)와 마찬가지로 말초신경계의 축삭돌기 수초화는 전기 신호의 적절한 전송에 필요한 절연 및 전도성을 제공합니다.
 
 <h4>건강과 질병에 있어 신경교세포의 중요성</h4>
 
 신경교세포는 신경계의 보호자 및 조절자입니다. 신경교세포는 항상성(homeostatic) 상태를 유지하고 일상적인 뇌 기능에 기여할 뿐만 아니라 신경계 손상, 감염 및 질병에 반응합니다. 또한 신경계세포는 배아의 신경계 발달 과정에서 중요한 기능을 수행합니다. 이 세포들은 시냅스 가지치기(synaptic pruning)라고 불리는 과정인 불필요한 신경 연결을 제거하는 데 기여합니다. 뇌 기능의 여러 측면에 대한 신경교세포의 중요성 때문에 하나 이상의 신경교세포 개체군의 결함은 발달 장애, 알츠하이머병, 파킨슨병, 다발성 경화증(multiple sclerosis)과 같은 중증 신경학적 질환을 초래할 수 있습니다.
 
 신경교세포는 발달하는 중 뉴런이 축삭돌기를 성장시키기 위해 적절하게 이동할 수 있는 발판(scaffolding)을 제공합니다. 생의 나중에 외상이나 신경퇴행성 질환은 재생할 수 없는 신경 연결의 손실을 초래하여 기능 장애 또는 마비를 초래할 수 있습니다.

개요

신경교세포(glial cell)는 신경계에 있는 두 가지 주요 유형의 세포 중 하나이다. 신경교세포는 성상세포, 희소돌기아교세포, 미세아교세포 및 ...

Education

교육

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Biology

생물학

Human Biology

인체 생물학

Nervous System

신경계

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

Glial Cells

glial cells and nervous system support

Glial cells support the nervous system and work alongside neurons. They are one of the two main cell types in the nervous system. Unlike neurons, glia do not send electrical signals, but they help with nearly every other part of nervous system function. In humans, glial cells are about as numerous as neurons in the brain.

In the central nervous system, glia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Astrocytes are the most common glial cells. They form organized, non-overlapping patterns in the brain and stay close to neurons and capillaries. They help regulate blood flow, support metabolism, maintain ion and pH balance around synapses, and help maintain the blood-brain barrier.

Oligodendrocytes make the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. This sheath wraps around neuronal axons many times and acts as insulation. Myelin helps nerve signals travel correctly and much faster. Microglia are the smallest glial cells and are known as the macrophages of the CNS. They remove pathogens and debris by phagocytosis and also help prune synapses during development. Unlike other glia, microglia come from the yolk sac and enter the embryo early in development.

Ependymal cells are cube-shaped cells with cilia-like projections that line the ventricles. They produce cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF, and form a barrier between the brain and the CSF. This barrier helps filter out harmful substances. Like astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells come from radial glia near the lateral ventricles.

The peripheral nervous system also has glial cells. Satellite cells support the neuronal cell bodies they surround by providing structure, cushioning, and nutrients. Schwann cells do for peripheral axons what oligodendrocytes do in the CNS. They form myelin around axons and help insulation and conductivity for electrical signaling.

Glia are important for health, development, and disease. They protect the nervous system, keep internal conditions stable, and respond to injury, infection, and disease. They also help guide neuron migration and axon growth during embryonic development. Because they help remove extra neuronal connections through synaptic pruning, problems in glial cells can contribute to developmental disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and other serious conditions. Damage later in life can also lead to lost connections that are difficult or impossible to replace, which may cause impaired function or paralysis.

Glial Cells and Nervous System Support

what is a nervous system?

Nervous System Parts and Control

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger. In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The...

the parasympathetic nervous system

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

the sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold. This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system...

the blood-brain barrier

How the Blood-Brain Barrier Works

The blood-brain barrier is a specialized system of blood vessels that helps control what enters the brain. It delivers nutrients from the blood while tightly regulating ions, molecules, pathogens, and other substances. This semipermeable barrier protects the brain and also makes it harder to deliver some therapies. The blood-brain barrier includes several cellular parts, especially endothelial cells and astrocytes. These cells share a common basement membrane and regulate movement between the...

neuron structure

How Neurons Send Signals

Neurons send signals through a clear set of structures that let them receive, process, and pass on information. They are the main cells of the nervous system and use electrochemical signals to communicate. Neurons also talk to other cells through neurotransmitters at junctions called synapses. Most neurons share three main parts: a cell body, also called the soma, dendrites, and an axon. The soma holds the nucleus and other organelles needed for cell function. Dendrites usually receive...

glial cells

Glial cells support the nervous system and work alongside neurons. They are one of the two main cell types in the nervous system. Unlike neurons, glia do not send electrical signals, but they help with nearly every other part of nervous system function. In humans, glial cells are about as numerous as neurons in the brain. In the central nervous system, glia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Astrocytes are the most common glial cells. They form organized,...

action potentials

How Nerve Signals Travel in Axons

Neurons send signals through action potentials, the rapid electrical changes that move along the axon. These signals lead to neurotransmitter release at axon terminals, which passes information through the nervous system. An action potential is an all-or-none change in membrane potential, the voltage across a cell membrane. A neuron usually has a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts. When it receives signals from neurotransmitters or sensory input, the membrane can become more...

the resting membrane potential

How Neurons Keep a Negative Resting Charge

Neurons keep a negative resting charge across their membrane. This electrical difference, called the membrane potential, comes from how ions move and how the membrane lets them pass. In a resting neuron, the inside is typically around -70 millivolts and is more negative than the outside, so the cell is polarized. Two main factors create this resting state. First, the membrane is selectively permeable, which means most ions and molecules cannot cross the lipid bilayer without help from ion...

long-term potentiation

Synaptic Strengthening in Learning and Memory

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is a form of synaptic strengthening in the brain. It changes the strength of chemical synapses over time between pre- and postsynaptic neurons. LTP works against long-term depression, or LTD, which weakens synapses. Together, LTP and LTD are major mechanisms behind learning and memory. LTP can happen when a presynaptic neuron fires again and again and keeps stimulating a postsynaptic neuron. This is called Hebbian LTP, based on Donald Hebb’s idea that neurons...

long-term depression

Synaptic Pruning in Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is a form of synaptic plasticity that weakens chemical synapses over time. It acts between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. LTD works in opposition to long-term potentiation, or LTP, which strengthens synapses. Together, LTD and LTP are two of the main mechanisms behind learning and memory. LTD helps the brain avoid staying locked in a fully strengthened state. If synapses were always maximally strengthened, the brain would become less efficient and it would...

the synapse

How Neurons Signal at Synapses

Neurons communicate through synapses, the points where two neurons meet to pass on signals. At a synapse, the sending neuron is the presynaptic cell, and the receiving neuron is the postsynaptic cell. Most neurons can serve in both roles because they send and receive information. Electrical synapses move signals directly between cells. The presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are linked by gap junctions, which are proteins that physically connect them. This type of synapse can pass electrical...

key terms and concepts

Learn how astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, satellite cells, and Schwann cells support neurons in the CNS and PNS.

Glial Cells and Nervous System Support | JoVE K12

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Glial Cells and Nervous System Support

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