Name: human skeleton: bones, cells, and disease
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:29.000Z
Duration: 1 min 2 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

What is the Skeletal System?

- [나레이터] 인간의 해골은 뼈로 이루어져함께 견고한 틀을 제공하여신체에 형태를 부여할 뿐만 아니라 움직일 수 있게 하는데힘줄을 통해 근육에 부착되었기 때문입니다주요 부위 중 하나인 축골격은몸체의 중심축을 중심으로 배치됩니다많은 수의 뼈가중이의 이소골을 포함하는 상체에 위치하며가장 중요한 장기를 보호합니다예를 들어, 두개골이 뇌를 감싸고척추는 척수 주위에 아치형으로 배열되어 있으며중추 신경계를 보호합니다심장이나 폐 같은 다른 장기들은흉골과 흉곽에 의해 보호됩니다다른 부위인 부속골격은부속물을 지탱하고 이동시키는 뼈로 이루어졌으며손과 팔, 팔과 다리 및흉근과 요대가 있습니다

클링, 줄리아나 M., 바트 L. 클라크, 니콜 P. 산두. "골다공증 예방, 선별 검사 및 치료: 검토." Journal of Women's Health 23, no. 7 (2014년 7월 1일): 563–72. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2013.4611" target="__blank">소스</a>]

아카위(Akkawi), 이브라힘(Ibrahim), 하산 즈멀리(Hassan Zmerly). "골다공증: 현재의 개념." Joints 6, no. 2 (June 14, 2018): 122–27. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660790" target="__blank">출처</a>]

뼈대계통이란 무엇인가?

<h4>개요</h4>
 
 성인의 뼈는 연골(cartilage), 힘줄(tendon), 인대(ligament)를 통해 연결된 206개의 뼈로 구성돼 있습니다. 뼈대(skeleton; 골격)은 인체에 단단한 틀을 제공하고 내부 장기를 보호하며 움직임(movement)과 운동(locomotion)을 가능하게 합니다. 인간의 뼈대계통(skeletal system; 골격계)는 몸통뼈대(axial skeleton; 중축골격)와 팔다리뼈대(appendicular skeleton; 부속골격)로 이루어져 있습니다. 뼈조직은 전반적인 건강에 필수적인 전문화된 뼈세포에 의해 지속해서 축적되고 씹혀집니다. 조절이 잘못된 뼈세포와 혈액 내 잘못된 수준의 화학 화합물과 뼈 질환으로 이어집니다.
 
 <h4>몸통뼈대</h4>
 
 몸통뼈대는 80개의 뼈로 구성되며 구성돼 있으며 머리뼈(skull; cranium; 두개골), 척주(vertebral column), 가슴우리(rib cage; thoracic cage; 흉곽), 이렇게 세 개의 영역으로 나뉩니다. 머리뼈의 윗부분인 머리덮개뼈(calvarium)는 뇌를 감싸고 있는 8개의 뼈로 구성되어 있고, 아랫부분은 14개의 뼈로 이루어져 있습니다. 척주는 33개의 척추(vertebrae)로 구성되어 있습니다: 7개의 목뼈(cervical vertebrae; 경추), 12개의 등뼈(thoracic vertebrae; 흉추), 5개의 허리뼈(lumbar vertebrae; 요추), 5개의 융접된 엉치뼈(sacral vertebrae; 천추), 그리고 4개의 융접된 꼬리뼈(coccygeal vertebrae; 미추)입니다.
 
 가슴우리는 척주에 안정성을 더하고 폐와 심장을 보호합니다. 12쌍의 갈비뼈(rib; 늑골)로 구성되어 있으며, 갈비뼈는 갈비척추관절(costovertebral joint; 늑추관절)을 통해 등뼈에 부착됩니다. 가슴우리의 앞쪽 부분은 갈비연골(costal cartilage; 늑연골)을 통해 복장뼈(sternum; 흉골; 가슴 앞쪽 중앙의 평평한 뼈)에 부착됩니다. 양쪽의 처음 7개의 갈비뼈는 연골을 통해 복장뼈에 직접 부착되기 때문에 진성갈비뼈(true rib; 진성늑골)로 알려져 있습니다. 8~12 갈비뼈는 복장뼈에 직접 부착되지 않기 때문에 가성갈비뼈(false rib; 가성늑골)라고 불립니다. 그러나, 8에서 10까지의 갈비뼈은 위의 갈비연골을 통해 복장뼈에 부착됩니다. 반대로 11과 12 갈비뼈는 등 쪽 척추에만 붙어 있을 뿐 복장뼈와는 전혀 연관성이 없어 뜬갈비뼈(floating rib; 부유늑골)이라고 합니다.
 
 <h4>팔다리뼈대</h4>
 
 팔다리뼈대는 126개의 팔다리와 이음뼈(girdle)가 몸통뼈대에 추가되어 있습니다. 팔다리뼈대는 몇 가지 다른 종류의 뼈로 이루어져 있습니다.
 
 <h4>뼈조직과 뼈세포</h4>
 
 뼈는 뼈조직(osseous tissue; 골조직)으로 알려져 있습니다. 뼈조직의 세포는 뼈에 힘과 경도를 제공하는 물질인 기질(matrix)에 분산되어 있습니다. 기질은 주로 콜라겐(collagen)인 유기 성분과 인산칼슘(calcium phosphate), 수산화칼슘(calcium hydroxide), 불화마그네슘(magnesium fluoride)과 같은 결정화된 광물 소금으로 구성된 무기질 성분으로 구성됩니다.
 
 뼈세포에는 조골세포(osteoblast; 골아세포), 파골세포(osteoclast), 뼈세포(osteocyte; 골세포), 이렇게 세 가지 주요 유형이 있습니다. 조골세포와 파골세포는 반대의 기능을 가지고 있습니다. 골아세포는 뼈 기질을 형성하고 파골세포는 뼈 기질을 씹습니다. 두 기능 모두 평생 지속하며, 두 기능 모두 건강을 위해 필수적입니다. 뼈를 만드는 것은 뼈를 튼튼하게 유지하기 위해 중요합니다; 뼈를 씹는 것은 혈류 내의 칼슘 수치를 유지해 줍니다 (칼슘은 심장 같은 다른 장기에 필수입니다.)
 
 뼈세포는 조골세포에서 성숙해 현재 기질로 둘러싸인 세포입니다. 뼈세포는 뼈의 미세한 통로를 통해 혈액과 소통하며, 혈액 속의 칼슘과 다른 광물의 수치를 감지합니다. 그런 다음 이러한 세포의 활동에 영향을 미치는 물질을 분비함으로써 조골세포와 파골세포의 기능을 제어합니다.
 
 <h4>뼈 질환</h4>
 
 뼈대계통의 많은 질병은 공통적인 특징이 있습니다: 광물 함량이 낮아서 뼈가 약합니다. 예를 들어, 골다공증은 골밀도 감소로 특징지어집니다. 완경 후 여성에게서 가장 흔하게 발생하지만 완경 전 여성과 남성에게도 발생할 수 있습니다. 이 질병에는 조골세포 활동보다 파골세포 활동이 더 많습니다. 골다공증 환자는 특히 척추, 엉덩이, 손목 등 골절의 위험이 많이 증가합니다.
 
 또 다른 널리 퍼진 뼈 질환은 콩팥(신장) 골수증입니다. 이 병은 만성 콩팥(신장) 질환에서 광물 및 뼈 장애로 알려진 더 큰 질환의 일부입니다. 콩팥(신장)은 칼슘, 인, 그리고 뼈 건강에 중요한 비타민 D의 조절을 포함한 많은 기능을 수행합니다. 당뇨병성 콩팥(신장) 질환처럼 콩팥(신장)이 제대로 기능하지 못하면 뼈가 약해지고 통증이 심해지고 관절도 아파질 수 있습니다.

개요

성인 인간 골격은 연골, 힘줄 및 인대를 통해 연결된 206개의 뼈로 구성됩니다. 골격은 단단한 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Biology

생물학

Human Biology

인체 생물학

Musculoskeletal System

근골격계

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

human skeleton: bones, cells, and disease

The human skeleton is a living framework made of 206 bones in adults. Bones connect with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. This system gives the body support, protects organs, and helps with movement and locomotion.

The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and includes the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The cranium, or upper skull, has eight bones that enclose the brain, while the lower part of the skull has 14 bones. The vertebral column has 33 vertebrae. These include seven cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five fused sacral, and four fused coccygeal vertebrae.

The rib cage adds stability to the vertebral column and protects the lungs and heart. It has 12 pairs of ribs that attach to the thoracic vertebrae at the costovertebral joint. The front of the rib cage connects to the sternum, the flat bone in the center of the chest, through costal cartilages. The first seven ribs are true ribs because their cartilages attach directly to the sternum. Ribs eight through 12 are false ribs. Ribs eight through 10 connect to the sternum through the cartilages of the ribs above them, while ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs because they do not connect to the sternum at all.

The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones. It includes the bones of the limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton. Bone tissue is also called osseous tissue. Its cells sit in a matrix, which is the material that gives bone strength and hardness. The matrix contains organic material, mainly collagen, and inorganic mineral salts such as calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, and magnesium fluoride.

Bone cells have different jobs. Osteoblasts build bone matrix, while osteoclasts break it down. Both actions continue throughout life and are important for health. Building bone helps keep bones strong. Breaking down bone helps maintain calcium levels in the bloodstream, which is important for organs such as the heart. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that come from osteoblasts. They sit inside the matrix and communicate with the blood through tiny channels in bone. They sense calcium and other mineral levels and help control osteoblast and osteoclast activity by releasing substances that affect these cells.

Problems in bone cell balance or mineral levels can lead to bone disease. Osteoporosis is a common example. It is marked by low bone mineral density and more osteoclast activity than osteoblast activity. It occurs most often in postmenopausal women, but it can also occur in men and premenopausal women. People with osteoporosis have a much higher risk of fractures, especially in the spine, hip, and wrist.

Renal osteodystrophy is another widespread bone disease. It is part of mineral and bone disorder in chronic kidney disease. The kidneys help regulate calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, and these are all needed for bone health. When the kidneys do not work properly, such as in diabetic kidney disease, bones may become weak and painful, and the joints may hurt as well.

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

what is the skeletal system?

The human skeleton is a living framework made of 206 bones in adults. Bones connect with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. This system gives the body support, protects organs, and helps with movement and locomotion. The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and includes the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The cranium, or upper skull, has eight bones that enclose the brain, while the lower part of the skull...

bone structure

Inside a Long Bone

Inside a long bone, osseous tissue is organized into two main types: cortical bone and cancellous bone. A femur is a clear example of this structure. The bone also includes outer coverings and inner spaces that support growth, repair, and blood cell production. Cortical bone, also called compact bone, forms the dense outer layer along the diaphysis, or shaft. It is covered by the periosteum, a membrane with connective tissue, capillaries, and nerves. Beneath the cortical layer is the medullary...

joints

Types of Joints in the Human Body

Joints are the places where adjacent bones connect. They are also called articulations or articular surfaces. Joints help the body move and stay stable. Joints can be classified by structure or by function. Structural classification depends on the material that forms the joint and whether there is a space between the bones. By structure, joints are fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous tissue and have no cavity between the bones. Because of this, they do...

bone remodeling

How Hormones Control Bone Turnover

Bone turnover is a continuous process in which old bone is broken down and new bone is built. Osteoclasts carry out bone resorption, and osteoblasts carry out bone formation. In adults, this balanced cycle helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. Mechanical stress can also stimulate turnover as part of normal maintenance and repair. Parathyroid hormone, or PTH, helps control blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption when calcium is low. It is released from the parathyroid...

skeletal muscle anatomy

Muscle Fibers, Tendons, and Contraction

Skeletal muscle moves the body by pulling on bones through tendons. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. When skeletal muscles contract, they create voluntary movement. Skeletal muscle is wrapped in layers of connective tissue. The outer layer is the epimysium, which helps protect the muscle. Beneath it, the perimysium surrounds and groups fasciculi, which are bundles of skeletal muscle cells called myocytes. These cells are also called skeletal muscle...

classification of skeletal muscle fibers

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Speed and Energy

Skeletal muscle fibers can be grouped by how fast they contract and how they make ATP, the energy cells use for movement. These differences also shape their physical features. Most human muscles contain all three fiber types, but in different amounts. Slow oxidative fibers, also called slow-twitch fibers, appear red because they have many capillaries and high levels of myoglobin, an oxygen-storing protein. They also contain more mitochondria, which make ATP through oxidative phosphorylation,...

muscle contraction

Nerve Signals That Trigger Muscle Contraction

Nerve signals trigger muscle contraction in both skeletal and smooth muscle, but the two muscle types use different control systems. In skeletal muscle, the signal begins at the motor end plate, which is the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In smooth muscle, contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and happens without conscious control. In skeletal muscle, motor nerve terminals release acetylcholine. This neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the sarcolemma,...

cross-bridge cycle

Calcium Control in Muscle Contraction

Calcium control in muscle contraction depends on ATP, motor neurons, and the sliding action of actin and myosin. As a muscle contracts, the thin and thick filaments overlap more, and the sarcomere, which is the contractile unit of the muscle, becomes shorter. This process uses energy from ATP and happens in a repeating cycle at the molecular level. Myosin drives the movement of actin through a cross-bridge cycle. When ATP attached to the myosin head is hydrolyzed to ADP, myosin shifts into a...

motor units

How Motor Units Control Muscle Movement

Motor units control skeletal muscle movement. A motor unit includes one efferent motor neuron, which carries signals away from the central nervous system, and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. A single motor neuron can connect with multiple muscle fibers, but each muscle fiber is innervated by only one motor neuron. Lower motor neurons are the efferent neurons that control skeletal muscle, the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Their cell bodies are found in the spinal cord or...

the spinal cord

Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes

The spinal cord is the main nerve pathway of the central nervous system. It carries sensory signals from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. It begins at the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull, and extends to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra. In cross-section, the spinal cord is cylindrical and contains both gray matter and white matter. The central canal lies in the middle and is a remnant of the lumen of the primitive neural...

nociception

Pain Signaling and Inflammation

Pain signaling begins when the body detects a harmful stimulus. Sharp objects, open flames, and corrosive chemicals can trigger this response. Sensory receptors called nociceptors, which sit on nerve endings, detect these noxious stimuli and use ion channels to turn them into electrical signals. Those electrical signals travel through sensory neurons to the brain, where they are experienced as pain. This warning system helps an organism avoid damage and stay safe. Pain is therefore an...

key terms and concepts

Explore the human skeleton, including axial and appendicular bones, bone cells, and common bone diseases like osteoporosis and renal osteodystrophy.

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

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JoVE Core 시리즈는 생물학의 주요 개념을 설명하는 300개가 넘는 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션 비디오 강의와 오늘날 실험실에서 수행된 실제 연구 실험을 보여주는 150개가 넘는 과학자 활동 비디오를 통해 생물학에 활기를 불어 넣습니다.

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

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Characteristics of Life

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Nucleic Acids

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Globular and Fibrous Proteins

Translation

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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Ribosomes

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Protein Complex Assembly

Protein and Protein Structures

Conjugated Proteins

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Protein Folding

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Cofactors and Coenzymes

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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

GTPases and their Regulation

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Mechanical Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Protein Networks

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

HS-LS1-1

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Animal and Plant Cell Structure

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Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

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Overview of Human Digestion

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Anatomy of the Intestines

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Accessory Organs

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Lipid Digestion

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Protein Digestion

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Carbohydrate Digestion

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What is a Nervous System?

Overview

The nervous system is the collection of specialized cells responsible for maintaining an organism&rsquo;s internal environment and coordinating ...

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Overview

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The Sympathetic Nervous System

Overview

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Oogenesis

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Sensory systems detect stimuli&mdash;such as light and sound waves&mdash;and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous ...

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ...

Overview

The adult human skeleton comprises 206 bones that are connected through cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. The skeleton provides a rigid ...

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An Introduction to the Zebrafish: Danio rerio

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are small freshwater fish that are used as model organisms for biomedical research. The many strengths of these fish include their ...

Physiology of the Circulatory System

Homeostasis
Conditions in the external environment of an organism can change rapidly and drastically. To survive, organisms must maintain a fairly ...

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart ...

Measuring Blood Pressure
ExpandTo prepare for the blood pressure exercise, simply place the appropriate number of alcohol swabs, sphygmomanometers, and ...

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The ...

Measuring Circulatory System Function in Humans
ExpandBefore starting the experiment go to the front of the room and collect an alcohol swab, a ...

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The ...

What Are Osmoregulation and Excretion?

Organisms must keep bodily fluids at a constant temperature and pH while maintaining specific solute concentrations in order to support life functions. ...

Blood Withdrawal I

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
Blood collection is a common requirement for ...

Kidney Structure

The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water ...

Blood Withdrawal II

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
The collection of blood from mice and rats for ...

What is the Immune System?

Overview

The immune system comprises diverse biological structures and processes that protect the body from disease. These processes can be classified ...

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain ...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of ...

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of ...

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two ...

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

HS-LS1-3

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

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