Name: inside a long bone
Uploaded: 2025-10-23T11:47:05.000Z
Duration: 1 min 55 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

Bone Structure

- [강사] 골격계 내에서뼈의 구조, 즉 외골조직은대퇴골과 같이 긴 뼈로 예시할 수 있는데여기에는 골을 이루는 특수 조직으로서중층조직과 해면골조직의 두 유형이 있습니다피질골 혹은 치밀골 덮고 있는 것은근막이라고 불리는 막으로결합조직 및 모세혈관과신경 등을 포함하고 있습니다이웃한 외부 고형층인 샤프트는투석술을 따라 발견되었는데골수 공간 주위에 촘촘한 보호막을 형성합니다주로 지방 세포로 구성된황색 골수를 저장하는 빈 부분입니다이 공간은 뼈의 성장 리모델링과 수리가 이뤄지는얇은 내막으로 덮여 있습니다치밀 층 내에는 골격 및 얇은 조직 막이라고불리는 동심원 고리로 배열된 구조 단위가 있으며골격 형성 및 성장에 중요한세포가 포함되어 있는데요이 세포들은 결국 텅 빈 공간즉 빈틈에서 골세포로 성숙합니다각 해면골의 중심을 통해 하버스관이 흐르고이 운하는 신경 섬유뿐만 아니라더 많은 혈관과 림프관을 포함하고 있습니다장골의 둥근 끝을 향해 있는, 골단은두 번째 유형의 골 특수 조직으로 해면골또는 갯솜뼈라고 알려져 있습니다최소 질량으로 강도를 최대화하기 위해스트레스 지점의 선을 따라 형성되는벌집형 배열인 트라베쿨라(trabeculae)의결합형 네트워크로 구성됩니다각 삼두근 사이의 골수는 적혈구이자백혈구로 형성되는 조혈모세포와궁극적으로 순환기와 림프계로들어가는 혈소판을포함하고 있습니다

플로렌시오-실바, 리날두, 기셀라 로드리게스 다 실바 사소, 에스텔라 사소-세리, 마누엘 예수 시몽에스, 파울로 세르지오 세리. "뼈 조직의 생물학: 뼈 세포에 영향을 미치는 구조, 기능 및 요인." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/421746" target="__blank">소스</a>]

오웬, 로버트, 그웬돌렌 C. 라일리. "뼈 리모델링 및 관련 장애의 체외 모델." 생명 공학 및 생명 공학의 프론티어 6 (2018). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2018.00134" target="__blank">소스</a>]

뼈 구조

뼈대계통(skeletal system; 골격계) 내에서, 뼈의 구조, 또는 뼈조직(osseous tissue; 골조직)은 넙다리뼈(femur; 대퇴골)과 같은 긴 뼈가 예가 될 수 있습니다. 뼈조직엔 치밀뼈(cortical bone; compact bone; 치밀골)과 해면뼈(cancellous bone; 해면골), 이렇게 두 종류의 조직이 있습니다.
 
 <h4>치밀뼈</h4>
 
 치밀뼈를 덮는 것은 결합조직(connective tissue), 모세혈관, 그리고 신경을 포함하는 뼈막(periosteum; 골외막)이라고 불리는 막입니다. 외부 고형층(뼈몸통(diaphysis; 골간)을 따라 발견됨)은 주로 지방 세포로 구성된 황색 골수(bone marrow)를 저장하는 뼈속질공간(medullary canal; 골수공간) 주위에 밀집된 보호막을 형성합니다. 또한 이 공간은 얇은 안감(골격 성장, 재형성, 수리가 발생하는 뼈속막(endosteum; 골내막))으로 덮여 있습니다.
 
 치밀뼈의 조밀한 층 안에는 뼈 형성 및 성장에 중요한 세포인 뼈단위(osteon)가 있습니다. 뼈단위는 구조적인 단위로, 조골세포(osteoblast)를 가지고 있는 층판(lamellae)이라 불리는 동심원 고리로 배열되어있습니다. 여기 있는 조골세포는 빈 공간인 뼈방(lacuna; 골세포방)에서 뼈세포로 성숙합니다. 뼈단위의 중간에는 하버스관(Haversian canal)이 지나갑니다. 하버스관은 신경 섬유, 혈액, 림프관을 포함합니다.
 
 <h4>해면뼈</h4>
 
 긴 뼈의 둥근 끝을 향해 가면, 두 번째 뼈조직인 뼈끝(epiphysis; 골단)이 있습니다. 뼈끝은 스폰지처럼 생긴 뼈로 알려진 해면뼈입니다. 이 내부 층은 최소 질량으로 강도를 최대화하기 위해 응력점을 따라 형성되는 벌집 모양의 뼈잔기둥(trabeculae; 골소주) 네트워크로 구성되어 있습니다. 각 뼈잔기둥 사이에는 적골수가 있는데 적혈구 세포와 적혈구로 형성되는 조혈모세포(hematopoietic stem cell)와 순환계(circulatory system)와 림프계(lymphatic system)로 들어가는 혈소판(platelet)이 들어 있습니다.

골격계 내에서 뼈 또는 골 조직의 구조는 대퇴골과 같은 긴 뼈에서 예시 될 수 있으며, 여기에는 두 가지 유형이 있습니다.

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Biology

생물학

Human Biology

인체 생물학

Musculoskeletal System

근골격계

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

inside a long bone

Inside a long bone, osseous tissue is organized into two main types: cortical bone and cancellous bone. A femur is a clear example of this structure. The bone also includes outer coverings and inner spaces that support growth, repair, and blood cell production.

Cortical bone, also called compact bone, forms the dense outer layer along the diaphysis, or shaft. It is covered by the periosteum, a membrane with connective tissue, capillaries, and nerves. Beneath the cortical layer is the medullary canal, a cavity that stores yellow bone marrow, which is made mainly of fat cells. This space is lined by the endosteum, where bone growth, remodeling, and repair take place.

Within cortical bone are osteons, the structural units of compact bone. Each osteon is arranged in concentric rings called lamellae and contains osteoblasts, which are important for bone formation and growth. As these cells mature, they become osteocytes in small spaces called lacunae. A Haversian canal runs through the center of each osteon and carries blood and lymphatic vessels, along with nerve fibers.

Toward the rounded ends of the long bone, or epiphyses, is cancellous bone, also called spongy bone. This inner layer has a honeycomb-like network of trabeculae that line up along stress points to give strength with less mass. The spaces between the trabeculae contain red bone marrow, which has hematopoietic stem cells that develop into red and white blood cells and platelets before entering the circulatory and lymphatic systems.

Inside a Long Bone

what is the skeletal system?

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

The human skeleton is a living framework made of 206 bones in adults. Bones connect with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. This system gives the body support, protects organs, and helps with movement and locomotion. The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and includes the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The cranium, or upper skull, has eight bones that enclose the brain, while the lower part of the skull...

bone structure

Inside a long bone, osseous tissue is organized into two main types: cortical bone and cancellous bone. A femur is a clear example of this structure. The bone also includes outer coverings and inner spaces that support growth, repair, and blood cell production. Cortical bone, also called compact bone, forms the dense outer layer along the diaphysis, or shaft. It is covered by the periosteum, a membrane with connective tissue, capillaries, and nerves. Beneath the cortical layer is the medullary...

joints

Types of Joints in the Human Body

Joints are the places where adjacent bones connect. They are also called articulations or articular surfaces. Joints help the body move and stay stable. Joints can be classified by structure or by function. Structural classification depends on the material that forms the joint and whether there is a space between the bones. By structure, joints are fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous tissue and have no cavity between the bones. Because of this, they do...

bone remodeling

How Hormones Control Bone Turnover

Bone turnover is a continuous process in which old bone is broken down and new bone is built. Osteoclasts carry out bone resorption, and osteoblasts carry out bone formation. In adults, this balanced cycle helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. Mechanical stress can also stimulate turnover as part of normal maintenance and repair. Parathyroid hormone, or PTH, helps control blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption when calcium is low. It is released from the parathyroid...

skeletal muscle anatomy

Muscle Fibers, Tendons, and Contraction

Skeletal muscle moves the body by pulling on bones through tendons. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. When skeletal muscles contract, they create voluntary movement. Skeletal muscle is wrapped in layers of connective tissue. The outer layer is the epimysium, which helps protect the muscle. Beneath it, the perimysium surrounds and groups fasciculi, which are bundles of skeletal muscle cells called myocytes. These cells are also called skeletal muscle...

classification of skeletal muscle fibers

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Speed and Energy

Skeletal muscle fibers can be grouped by how fast they contract and how they make ATP, the energy cells use for movement. These differences also shape their physical features. Most human muscles contain all three fiber types, but in different amounts. Slow oxidative fibers, also called slow-twitch fibers, appear red because they have many capillaries and high levels of myoglobin, an oxygen-storing protein. They also contain more mitochondria, which make ATP through oxidative phosphorylation,...

muscle contraction

Nerve Signals That Trigger Muscle Contraction

Nerve signals trigger muscle contraction in both skeletal and smooth muscle, but the two muscle types use different control systems. In skeletal muscle, the signal begins at the motor end plate, which is the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In smooth muscle, contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and happens without conscious control. In skeletal muscle, motor nerve terminals release acetylcholine. This neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the sarcolemma,...

cross-bridge cycle

Calcium Control in Muscle Contraction

Calcium control in muscle contraction depends on ATP, motor neurons, and the sliding action of actin and myosin. As a muscle contracts, the thin and thick filaments overlap more, and the sarcomere, which is the contractile unit of the muscle, becomes shorter. This process uses energy from ATP and happens in a repeating cycle at the molecular level. Myosin drives the movement of actin through a cross-bridge cycle. When ATP attached to the myosin head is hydrolyzed to ADP, myosin shifts into a...

motor units

How Motor Units Control Muscle Movement

Motor units control skeletal muscle movement. A motor unit includes one efferent motor neuron, which carries signals away from the central nervous system, and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. A single motor neuron can connect with multiple muscle fibers, but each muscle fiber is innervated by only one motor neuron. Lower motor neurons are the efferent neurons that control skeletal muscle, the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Their cell bodies are found in the spinal cord or...

the spinal cord

Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes

The spinal cord is the main nerve pathway of the central nervous system. It carries sensory signals from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. It begins at the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull, and extends to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra. In cross-section, the spinal cord is cylindrical and contains both gray matter and white matter. The central canal lies in the middle and is a remnant of the lumen of the primitive neural...

nociception

Pain Signaling and Inflammation

Pain signaling begins when the body detects a harmful stimulus. Sharp objects, open flames, and corrosive chemicals can trigger this response. Sensory receptors called nociceptors, which sit on nerve endings, detect these noxious stimuli and use ion channels to turn them into electrical signals. Those electrical signals travel through sensory neurons to the brain, where they are experienced as pain. This warning system helps an organism avoid damage and stay safe. Pain is therefore an...

key terms and concepts

Explore the parts of a long bone, including cortical bone, cancellous bone, osteons, marrow, and the cells that support growth and blood cell formation.

Inside a Long Bone | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core 시리즈는 생물학의 주요 개념을 설명하는 300개가 넘는 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션 비디오 강의와 오늘날 실험실에서 수행된 실제 연구 실험을 보여주는 150개가 넘는 과학자 활동 비디오를 통해 생물학에 활기를 불어 넣습니다.

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HS-LS1-3

Inside a Long Bone

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