Name: spinal cord structure and dermatomes
Uploaded: 2025-10-23T11:49:14.000Z
Duration: 1 min 54 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.25

The Spinal Cord

- [나레이터] 척수는신경 조직의 두꺼운 원통형으로중추 신경계의 일부를 구성하며구심성 감각 정보 전달을주변부에서 뇌로 이어주며원심성 운동 정보는뇌에서 주변부로 이어줍니다횡단면에서, 회색 물질이척수의 내부에서나비 모양으로 나타납니다회색 물질의 전각은 운동 뉴런을 포함합니다이는 축삭 무리와 함께 하얀 물질로 둘러싸여 있으며상향 및 하향 구역 모두 해당됩니다중앙에는 중심관이 있으며뇌척수액이 함유되어신경 조직에 영양을 줍니다척수 자체는 세포막으로 둘러싸여 있으며이는 경막을 포함하는 척추 수막입니다뇌간에 연결되면척수가 대후두공과척추의 일련의 뼈를 통과해 지나가요추 높이 L1, 2에서 종결되며기다란 신경 묶음을 형성하는데마미신경이라고 합니다이는 레벨이나 영역으로 세분화되어 있으며척추뼈의 위치에 따라서척수 신경 쌍과 함께 결정됩니다예를 들어, 경추 영역 C2에서 C7에해당하는 신경은 목과어깨, 팔 및 손을 자극하는 신경입니다각 척추 내에서, 신경 뿌리 쌍이척추의 구멍을 통해 별도의 가지로 빠져나옵니다복부 신경 뿌리는 근육이 표적으로서움직임을 제어하며반면 등신경 뿌리는 피부를 자극해감각을 전합니다특정 척추 신경의 자극을 받은 피부의 각 영역은피절이며, 피절 지도로 그려집니다이러한 지도는 임상의가특정 통증이나 피부 상태의근원지를 파악하게 해줍니다

Hochman, Shawn. "척수." Current Biology 17, no. 22 (2007년 11월 20일): R950–55. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.014" target="__blank">소스</a>]

Ahuja, Christopher S., Satoshi Nori, Lindsay Tetreault, Jefferson Wilson, Brian Kwon, James Harrop, David Choi, and Michael G. Fehlings. "외상성 척수 손상 - 회복 및 재생." Neurosurgery 80, no. 3S (2017년 3월 1일): S9–22. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyw080" target="__blank">소스</a>]

척수

척수는 중추신경계(central nervous system)의 주요 신경 기관으로, 주변부(periphery)에서 뇌로 가는 구심성(afferent) 감각 정보와 뇌에서 몸으로 가는 원심성(efferent) 운동 정보를 전달합니다. 인간의 척수는 머리뼈의 밑 부분에 있는 구멍인 대공(foramen magnum)에서 첫 번째 혹은 두 번째 허리뼈(lumbar vertebrae; 요추)까지 뻗어있습니다.
 
 <h4>단면</h4>
 
 척수는 원통형이고 백질(white matter)과 회백질(gray matter)을 모두 포함하고 있습니다. 중심에는 원시 신경관(primitive neural tube)의 내강(lumen) 잔여물이자 뇌척수액(cerebrospinal fluid, 줄여서 CSF) 내부 체계의 일부인 척수중심관(central canal)이 있습니다. 단면에서 척수중심관을 둘러싼 회백질은 나비 모양으로 보입니다.
 
 나비의 날개는 등쪽 뿔(dorsal horns; 후각)과 배쪽 뿔(ventral horns; 전각)로 나뉩니다. 등쪽 뿔은 감각 정보를 전달하는 감각 핵(sensory nuclei)을 포함하고, 배쪽 뿔은 골격근(skeletal muscle)에 분포한(innervate) 축삭돌기(axon)를 발생시키는 운동 뉴런(motor neuron)을 포함합니다.
 
 백질은 회백질을 둘러싸고 있고 많은 수의 수초화(myelination; 미엘린화)된 섬유를 포함하고 있습니다. 백질은 등쪽(dorsal), 측면(lateral), 배쪽(ventral) 기둥(column)이라고 불리는 세로 다발로 배열되어 있습니다. 그리고 척수는 세 개의 막으로 둘러싸여 있습니다. 연막(pia mater)은 가장 안쪽, 즉 척수의 표면에 가깝게 붙어 있고, 그다음에는 지주막(arachnoid), 그리고 가장 바깥쪽엔 단단한 경막(dura mater)이 있습니다.
 
 <h4>조직</h4>
 
 척수는 5개의 영역으로 나누어져 세분됩니다. 척수에는 31쌍의 신경이 있습니다: 8개의 목(cervical; 경추)척수, 12개의 등(thoracic; 흉추)척수, 5개의 허리(lumbar; 요추)척수, 5개의 엉치(sacral; 천추) 그리고 1개의 꼬리(coccygeal; 미추)척수입니다.
 
 <h4>피부분절</h4>
 
 척수의 각 분절은 몸의 다양한 부위에 신경을 분포하며 이는 피부분절(dermatome)로 피부에 나타납니다. 피부분절은 하나의 등쪽뿌리신경절(dorsal root ganglion)에서 유래해 말초신경에 의해 공급되는 피부의 한 부분입니다. 임상적으로 피부분절 지도는 척수 병변(spinal cord lesion)의 수준을 판단하고 말초 신경뿌리 병변(peripheral nerve root lesion)의 위치를 판단하는 데 유용합니다. 다만, 인접한 척추 부위의 피부분절에는 상당한 편차와 겹침이 있다는 점을 고려해야 합니다. 척수 신경은 31쌍이지만 C1(1번 목척수)은 일반적으로 척수가 없어 첫 번째 피부분절은 C2(2번 목척수)에 해당하기 때문에 실제론 30쌍밖에 되지 않습니다.

척수는 중추 신경계의 신체의 주요 신경관으로, 주변부에서 주변부로 구심성 감각 정보를 전달합니다.

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Biology

생물학

Human Biology

인체 생물학

Musculoskeletal System

근골격계

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

spinal cord structure and dermatomes

The spinal cord is the main nerve pathway of the central nervous system. It carries sensory signals from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. It begins at the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull, and extends to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.

In cross-section, the spinal cord is cylindrical and contains both gray matter and white matter. The central canal lies in the middle and is a remnant of the lumen of the primitive neural tube. It is part of the internal system of cerebrospinal fluid cavities. The gray matter around it has a butterfly shape. Its dorsal horns contain sensory nuclei that relay sensory input, and its ventral horns contain motor neurons that send axons to skeletal muscle.

White matter surrounds the gray matter and contains many myelinated fibers. It is organized into longitudinal bundles called the dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns. Three membranes protect the spinal cord. The pia mater lies directly on its surface, the arachnoid lies outside the pia, and the dura mater forms the tough outer sheath.

The spinal cord is divided into four regions and is organized in segments. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: eight cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral, and one coccygeal. Each segment connects to a specific part of the body.

These body maps are called dermatomes. A dermatome is an area of skin supplied by a peripheral nerve from a single dorsal root ganglion. Dermatome maps help locate spinal cord lesions and peripheral nerve root lesions. The pattern is not exact, because adjacent dermatomes can overlap and vary. Although there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, there are only 30 dermatomes, since C1 usually has no spinal root and the first dermatome is C2.

Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes

what is the skeletal system?

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

The human skeleton is a living framework made of 206 bones in adults. Bones connect with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. This system gives the body support, protects organs, and helps with movement and locomotion. The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and includes the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The cranium, or upper skull, has eight bones that enclose the brain, while the lower part of the skull...

bone structure

Inside a Long Bone

Inside a long bone, osseous tissue is organized into two main types: cortical bone and cancellous bone. A femur is a clear example of this structure. The bone also includes outer coverings and inner spaces that support growth, repair, and blood cell production. Cortical bone, also called compact bone, forms the dense outer layer along the diaphysis, or shaft. It is covered by the periosteum, a membrane with connective tissue, capillaries, and nerves. Beneath the cortical layer is the medullary...

joints

Types of Joints in the Human Body

Joints are the places where adjacent bones connect. They are also called articulations or articular surfaces. Joints help the body move and stay stable. Joints can be classified by structure or by function. Structural classification depends on the material that forms the joint and whether there is a space between the bones. By structure, joints are fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous tissue and have no cavity between the bones. Because of this, they do...

bone remodeling

How Hormones Control Bone Turnover

Bone turnover is a continuous process in which old bone is broken down and new bone is built. Osteoclasts carry out bone resorption, and osteoblasts carry out bone formation. In adults, this balanced cycle helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. Mechanical stress can also stimulate turnover as part of normal maintenance and repair. Parathyroid hormone, or PTH, helps control blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption when calcium is low. It is released from the parathyroid...

skeletal muscle anatomy

Muscle Fibers, Tendons, and Contraction

Skeletal muscle moves the body by pulling on bones through tendons. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. When skeletal muscles contract, they create voluntary movement. Skeletal muscle is wrapped in layers of connective tissue. The outer layer is the epimysium, which helps protect the muscle. Beneath it, the perimysium surrounds and groups fasciculi, which are bundles of skeletal muscle cells called myocytes. These cells are also called skeletal muscle...

classification of skeletal muscle fibers

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Speed and Energy

Skeletal muscle fibers can be grouped by how fast they contract and how they make ATP, the energy cells use for movement. These differences also shape their physical features. Most human muscles contain all three fiber types, but in different amounts. Slow oxidative fibers, also called slow-twitch fibers, appear red because they have many capillaries and high levels of myoglobin, an oxygen-storing protein. They also contain more mitochondria, which make ATP through oxidative phosphorylation,...

muscle contraction

Nerve Signals That Trigger Muscle Contraction

Nerve signals trigger muscle contraction in both skeletal and smooth muscle, but the two muscle types use different control systems. In skeletal muscle, the signal begins at the motor end plate, which is the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In smooth muscle, contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and happens without conscious control. In skeletal muscle, motor nerve terminals release acetylcholine. This neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the sarcolemma,...

cross-bridge cycle

Calcium Control in Muscle Contraction

Calcium control in muscle contraction depends on ATP, motor neurons, and the sliding action of actin and myosin. As a muscle contracts, the thin and thick filaments overlap more, and the sarcomere, which is the contractile unit of the muscle, becomes shorter. This process uses energy from ATP and happens in a repeating cycle at the molecular level. Myosin drives the movement of actin through a cross-bridge cycle. When ATP attached to the myosin head is hydrolyzed to ADP, myosin shifts into a...

motor units

How Motor Units Control Muscle Movement

Motor units control skeletal muscle movement. A motor unit includes one efferent motor neuron, which carries signals away from the central nervous system, and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. A single motor neuron can connect with multiple muscle fibers, but each muscle fiber is innervated by only one motor neuron. Lower motor neurons are the efferent neurons that control skeletal muscle, the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Their cell bodies are found in the spinal cord or...

the spinal cord

The spinal cord is the main nerve pathway of the central nervous system. It carries sensory signals from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. It begins at the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull, and extends to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra. In cross-section, the spinal cord is cylindrical and contains both gray matter and white matter. The central canal lies in the middle and is a remnant of the lumen of the primitive neural...

nociception

Pain Signaling and Inflammation

Pain signaling begins when the body detects a harmful stimulus. Sharp objects, open flames, and corrosive chemicals can trigger this response. Sensory receptors called nociceptors, which sit on nerve endings, detect these noxious stimuli and use ion channels to turn them into electrical signals. Those electrical signals travel through sensory neurons to the brain, where they are experienced as pain. This warning system helps an organism avoid damage and stay safe. Pain is therefore an...

key terms and concepts

Explore spinal cord structure, gray and white matter, spinal nerve regions, and dermatomes with a clear high school biology focus.

Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core 시리즈는 생물학의 주요 개념을 설명하는 300개가 넘는 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션 비디오 강의와 오늘날 실험실에서 수행된 실제 연구 실험을 보여주는 150개가 넘는 과학자 활동 비디오를 통해 생물학에 활기를 불어 넣습니다.

myJoVE Corporation

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, ...

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10647.jpg

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into ...

Eukaryotic Evolution

The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the ...

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term &#34;cell&#34; based on the ...

Chemistry of the Cell

The cell is chemically composed of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions.
Water
The polarity of the water molecule and its resulting hydrogen ...

Describe the scientific theory of cells (cell theory) and relate the history of its discovery to the process of science.

SC.912.L.14.1

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (&#x3BC;m)and are considerably smaller than most ...

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry ...

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains&#x2014;Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Microtubules

There are three types of cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells&#x2014;microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. With a diameter of ...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration&#x2014;the ...

Gap Junctions

Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between ...

The Extracellular Matrix

In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, ...

Tissues

Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

Plant Cell Wall

The plant cell wall gives plant cells shape, support, and protection. As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to the cell type. For ...

Plasmodesmata

The organs in a multicellular organism&#x2019;s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way ...

What are Membranes?

A key characteristic of life is the ability to separate the external environment from the internal space. To do this, cells have evolved semi-permeable ...

Membrane Fluidity

Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are ...

Fluid Mosaic Model

The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of ...

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ...

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients&#x2014;requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as ...

Osmosis

Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of ...

Tonicity in Animals

The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for ...

Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity ...

Introduction to Membrane Proteins

The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the ...

Facilitated Transport

The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and ...

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or ...

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this ...

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a process through which bulk amounts of specific molecules can be imported into a cell after binding to cell ...

Pinocytosis

Cells use energy-requiring bulk transport mechanisms to transfer large particles, or large amounts of small particles, into or out of the cell. The cells ...

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (&#x201C;cellular ...

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.

While endocytosis takes particles ...

Relate structure to function for the components of plant and animal cells. Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (passive and active transport).

SC.912.L.14.2

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Compare and contrast the general structures of plant and animal cells. Compare and contrast the general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

SC.912.L.14.3

Overview of Microscopy Techniques

The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern ...

Introduction to Light Microscopy

The light microscope is an instrument used by researchers in many different fields to magnify specimens to as much as a thousand times their original ...

Overview of Electron Microscopy

The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can ...

phase-contrast-and-differential-interference-contrast-microscopy

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular ...

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability ...

Introduction to Fluorescence Microscopy

Fluorescence microscopy is a very powerful analytical tool that combines the magnifying properties of light microscopy with visualization of fluorescence. ...

Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread ...

Compare and contrast structure and function of various types of microscopes.

SC.912.L.14.4

comparing-mitochondrial-chloroplast-and-prokaryotic-genomes

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new ...

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-eukaryotes

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

The &#8220;tree of life&#8221; describes the evolution of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The root of the tree is the common ...

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They ...

Explain the evidence supporting the scientific theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells (endosymbiosis).

SC.912.L.14.5

An Overview of Genetics and Disease

Many human diseases are associated with mutations or variations in genetic sequences. Some of these genetic variants are heritable, passed down from ...

Factors Affecting Illness

When a person&#39;s physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal ...

Gene-Environment Interactions

Gene expression is influenced by environmental factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress.
The range of reaction suggests ...

Dimensions of Health and Illness

The factors influencing the health-illness continuum can be internal or external and may or may not be under conscious control. They are related to the ...

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts&#39; susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against ...

An Overview of Genetic Analysis

An organism&#8217;s physical traits, or phenotype, are a product of its genotype, which is the combination of alleles (gene variants) inherited from its ...

Heritability

Heritability measures the genetic influence on traits or physical characteristics such as height or eye color.
Heritability can vary depending on the ...

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. ...

models-of-health-promotion-and-illness-prevention-ii

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II

The person&#39;s health status fluctuates continually, varying from being in good health to becoming ill and returning to being healthy. To understand the ...

background-and-environment-affect-phenotype

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as ...

Inheritance

Gregor Mendel&#39;s principles of inheritance demonstrated how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring and are controlled by distinct units known ...

Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health.

SC.912.L.14.6

A. Cells have characteristic structures and functions that make them distinctive.

B. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and homeostasis.

C. Life can be organized in a functional and structural hierarchy ranging from cells to the biosphere.

D. Most multicellular organisms are composed of organ systems whose structures reflect their particular function.

Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes

Description

Transcript

More videos by Standards